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Evolution > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution requires

A

Variation

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2
Q

Polymorphism

A

Resulting in mimics by the species, occurs in areas of overlap

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3
Q

Evolution is impossible without

A

Variation

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4
Q

Genotype gives rise to

A

phenotype

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5
Q

Genotypic differences are partily responsible for

A

phenotypic differences

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6
Q

Phenotype can also be influenced by

A

Enviorment

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7
Q

Mutation is responsible for

A

differences in genotypes

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8
Q

Mutation gives us

A

Variation

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9
Q

Genome of all organisms consits of

A

DNA

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10
Q

DNA is

A

A serise of nucleotide base pairs

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11
Q

Base pairs are

A

a purine and a pyriminde

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12
Q

Purines are

A

Adenine and Gyanine

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13
Q

Pyrimidines are

A

Thymine and cytosine

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14
Q

DNA ladder

A

Phosphate is the backbone, base pairs are the rungs

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15
Q

DNA varation

A

Varys greatly amoung organisms, genome size doesnt corilate with complexity

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16
Q

Chromosome

A

One long DNA molecule coiled

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17
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that is transcribed into RNA

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18
Q

RNA is translated into

A

Protine

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19
Q

Locus

A

site on a chromosome occupied by a particular gene

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20
Q

Exons

A

Gene segments that code for a protine

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21
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding segments that occur between exons

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22
Q

Codon

A

3 basepairs of RNA, codes for specific protine

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23
Q

Amino acids

A

Building blocks of protines

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24
Q

How many possible codons and amino acids

A

64 codons, 20 amino acids, genetic code is redundant

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25
Q

3 codons are

A

stop codons

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26
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of a gene

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27
Q

Alleles can code for

A

different phenotypes of the same trait like fur color

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28
Q

Alleles identified by

A

phenotype effect, but not all alleles have a phenotype effect

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29
Q

Haplotype

A

Particular DNA sequence that differers by one or more mutations from homologous sequence

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30
Q

Genetic markers

A

Detectable mutations that geneticits use to recognize specific regions of chromosomes or genes

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31
Q

Mutation

A

Alteration of a gene or chromosome and its product, DNA can be damaged by chemical and physical events

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32
Q

Mutations result in

A

change in base pair sequence, many changes are repaired by DNA polymerase

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33
Q

DNA polymerase

A

proof reading enzyme

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34
Q

Germline cell

A

Sex cells

35
Q

Mutations only occur in

A

a single cell of a single organism

36
Q

If mutation is in the germ line

A

it can give rise to a single gamete with that mutation, if its a precursor to germ line several gametes may carry the mutation

37
Q

Initilly the mutation is

A

carried in very small proportion to population

38
Q

Mutations can become

A

Fixed in the population due to natural selection or genetic drift

39
Q

Fixed

A

carried by almost the whole population

40
Q

fixed genes represent

A

the current wild type

41
Q

most mutations do not

A

become fixed

42
Q

Mutations must happen in —— to be passed on

A

germ line cells

43
Q

Varriation arises from 2 sources

A

point mutations and sequencing changes arising from recombination

44
Q

Point mutations are

A

single changes in DNA

45
Q

sequence changes are

A

whole sequences of DNA changed all at one

46
Q

Mutations can have a phenotypic effect if

A

the occur in genes that encode molecules involved in transcription/translation, regulatory DNA regions, and protein encoding regions

47
Q

Recombination

A

shuffles existing, makes new allele combos

48
Q

Base pair subsitutions

A

maps to a signle locus, offten restricted to a single base pair, can be transition or transversion

49
Q

transition

A

A substitution of a purine for a purine G for A or a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine T for C, this is more likely than transversion

50
Q

Transversion

A

a substitiution for a purine for a pyrimidine G for C

51
Q

Synonymous mutations

A

Have no effect on the resulting amino acid, polypeptide, or protein

52
Q

Nonsynonymous mutations

A

Result in amino acid substitution, codon changes substantially

53
Q

DnDs ratio

A

Number of nonsynonymous mutations divided by number of synonymous mutations, can be used as indicator for natural selection

54
Q

DnDs < 1

A

Most nonsynonymous mutations are deleterious and removed by purifying selection

55
Q

DnDs= 1

A

Nonsynonomous and synonymous mutations are evolving largely neutrally

56
Q

DnDs>1

A

many of the nonsynonomous differences between the species were fixed by positive selection

57
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion, resulting polypeptide is useually greatly altered, protine non functional

58
Q

Insertion

A

a single base pair is inserted

59
Q

deletion

A

a single base pair is deleted

60
Q

Recombination

A

a normal process where genes are exchanged between chromosomes during meiosis

61
Q

Unequal crossing over

A

When 2 chromosomes are not perfectly aligned, results in tandem duplication in one chromosome and deletion in the other, can range in size from single bp to whole segment

62
Q

unequal crossing over usually occurs in

A

areas that already has tandem repeats, generate a large number of nonfunctional sequences, increases total length of dna

63
Q

mutation is the ultimate sourse of

A

variation

64
Q

another contribution to variation is

A

gene mixing through segregation and recombination durring meiosis, shuffles existing variation to create new gene combos

65
Q

Non sexually reproducing organisms

A

horizontal gene transfer creates new gene combonations

66
Q

without sources of variation

A

evolution wouldnt be possible

67
Q

Effects on mutation are variable, depend on

A

where in the genome the mutation happens and the phenotypic trait that is affected

68
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

multiple traits could also be effected

69
Q

Rates of mutation are

A

difficult to measure due to mutations being synomyous and death or carriers

70
Q

Rates will be different in

A

protein coding vs non protine coding regions

71
Q

We used to rely on changes in phenotypes for rates of mutation

A

now we rely on DNA sequences

72
Q

each human carrys around — mutations

A

70

73
Q

mutation is a

A

random process, not all loci regions are equally mutable tho

74
Q

The process of mutation is

A

stochastic rather then deterministic, we can determine probability of mutation occurring but we cannot predict which of a large number of gene copies will undergo mutation

75
Q

Chance of a particular mutation will occur is not influenced by whether or not

A

the organism in an environment in which that mutation would be advantageous

76
Q

Mutation rates may be elected by certain stressful environments but

A

environment cannot elect advantageous mutations

77
Q

Karyotype

A

a description of the complement of chromosomes, includes number, size, shape, and internal arangement

78
Q

Aneuploidy

A

unbalanced chromosome complement, usually results in inability or poor development

79
Q

Polyploidy

A

changes in whole sets of chromosomes

80
Q

diploid

A

organisms with 2 entire sets of chromosomes

81
Q

polyploid

A

organism with more then 2 sets of chromosomes

82
Q

Triploid zygots produce

A

aneuploid gamets, usually produce few offspring as result

83
Q

Gametes of different ploidy levels may produce

A

different zygots that are 6N, 8N, ect

84
Q

Polyploid may result in

A

instantaneous speciation, opens the possibility of multiple origins for a single species

Evolution (16 decks)

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