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N3 EBP > Exam 2 - Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is research design?

A

a blueprint (or detailed plan) for conducting a study

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2
Q

descriptive and correlational designs are referred to as

A

noninterventional designs

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3
Q

what do noninterventional designs focus on?

A

examining variables as they naturally occur in environments

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4
Q

a cross-sectional design is noninterventional

A

true

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5
Q

what kind of study design involves data collection on variables at one point in time?

A

cross-sectional study design

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6
Q

what kind of study involves data collection from the same study participants at multiple points in time?

A

longitudinal study design

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7
Q

example of a longitudinal design

A

women with breast cancer were monitored for depression before, during, and after chemo

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8
Q

what is the purpose of a causal study?

A

examine the effects of an intervention on a variable

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9
Q

example of a causal study

A

examining the effect of an early ambulation program after surgery on LOS

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10
Q

definition of multicausality

A

there is a cause and effect relationship between interrelating variables

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11
Q

what are the types of quantitative research designs?

A
  • descriptive
  • correlational
  • quasi experimental
  • experimental
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12
Q

what do you call a study that does not involve a treatment?

A

observational

non-experimental / non-interventional

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13
Q

what do you call a study that involves a treatment?

A

experimental

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14
Q

what are the concepts relevant to quantitative research designs?

A
  • causality
  • multicausality
  • probability
  • bias
  • control
  • manipulation
  • prospective/ retrospective
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15
Q

what kind of causality does probability address?

A

relative causality

NOT absolute causality

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16
Q

what can researchers do to control extraneous variables when it comes to probability?

A

develop sampling criteria

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17
Q

define bias

A

the slanting of findings away from the truth

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18
Q

what does bias do to research findings?

A

distortion

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19
Q

what are some factors that can cause bias in a research?

A
  • researchers (attitudes or motivations)
  • setting
  • selection of study participants
  • composition of sample
  • data collection process
  • measurement methods
  • statistical analyses
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20
Q

what is an important focus in critically appraising a study?

A

identify possible sources of bias

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21
Q

what are the terms used in reference to the timing of data collection?

A
  • prospective
  • retrospective
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22
Q

definition of prospective

A

looking forward

collection of data in real time as the study progresses

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23
Q

definition of retrospective

A

looking backward

collection of data at a prior time

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24
Q

why is data collection for experimental research prospective?

A

researcher is enacting the intervention in real time

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25
Q

how can bias be reduced in an experimental study?

A

increase control

26
Q

define control

A

having the power to direct or manipulate factors to achieve a desired outcome

27
Q

what is most important about having control in a research?

A

improved accuracy of findings

28
Q

examples of control in research

A
  • random selection and assignment
  • control of duration of an educational program
  • control of teaching methods
  • limiting the characteristics of a subject
29
Q

what is manipulation?

A

a form of control generally used in quasi-experimental and experimental studies

30
Q

what is the most common form of manipulation in research?

A

controlling an intervention

31
Q

what does design validity evaluate?

A

the strengths and threats to the quality of a study design

32
Q

what are the types of design validity?

A
  • internal
  • external
33
Q

what does internal validity focus on?

A

accuracy of findings

did the independent variable affect the dependent variable?

34
Q

what does external validity focus on?

A

the extent to which findings can be generalized and applied to different subjects

35
Q

what are the threats to internal validity?

A
  • participant selection
  • participant attrition (withdrawal)
  • history (concurrent event that affects the study)
  • maturation (changes in participants)
36
Q

what are the threats to external validity?

A
  • people
  • place
  • time
37
Q

what is simple/ typical descriptive design used for?

A

examining variables in a single sample

38
Q

what does a simple/ typical descriptive design identify?

A
  • phenomenon
  • variables
  • conceptual definitions
  • operational definitions
39
Q

what does describing variables in a simple/ typical descriptive design entail?

A
  • interpretation of the meaning of the findings
  • development of possible relationships or hypotheses that can guide future studies
40
Q

what are the steps in a simple/ typical descriptive design?

A

1) clarify
2) measure
3) describe
4) interpret

41
Q

what is a comparative descriptive design used for?

A
  • describing variables
  • examining differences in variables among two or more groups in a natural setting
42
Q

the results in a comparative descriptive study do not often apply to the general population

A

true

43
Q

what are the types of descriptive designs?

A
  • simple/ typical
  • comparative
44
Q

what are the types of correlational designs?

A
  • descriptive
  • predictive
  • model testing
45
Q

what are the purposes of a descriptive correlational design?

A
  • describe variables
  • examine the relationships among said variables
  • identify many interrelationships in a situation
46
Q

what is the purpose of a predictive correlational design?

A
  • predict the value of one variable based on the value obtained for another variable
47
Q

the variable that is predicted in predictive correlational design is dependent

A

true

48
Q

every other variable in a predictive correlational design is independent

A

true

49
Q

what does model testing design require?

A
  • all concepts relevant to the model will be measured
  • relationships among the concepts be examined
50
Q

what does model testing design prove?

A

the accuracy of a hypothesized relationship between concepts

51
Q

what type of study designs should be used to obtain an accurate representation of causality?

A
  • experimental
  • quasi-experimental
52
Q

essential elements of experiments

A
  • random assignments
  • control group
  • independent variable/ intervention
  • control of the independent variable
  • control of the situation and setting
  • sampling criteria
  • careful measurement of dependent/ outcome variables
53
Q

what is expected of an intervention in regards to research?

A

to lead to a difference in results between control and treatment groups in posttest measures

54
Q

what is intervention fidelity?

A

a detailed description of essential elements of the intervention & its consistent implementation throughout the study

55
Q

control/ groups in nursing research are not exposed to any interventions

A

true

56
Q

what is a quasi-experimental design?

A

untreated control group design with pretest and posttest

56
Q

what is a quasi-experimental design?

A

untreated control group design with pretest and posttest

57
Q

what does a quasi-experimental design entail?

A
  • facilitation of the search for knowledge
  • examination of causality in situations in which complete control is not possible
58
Q

what is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

A

the strongest methodology for testing the effectiveness of an intervention that limits potential for bias and error

59
Q

participants are randomized in a RCT

A

true

N3 EBP (14 decks)

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