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N3 EBP > Exam 2 - Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

define measurement

A

the process of assigning numbers to concepts, objects, events, or situations using a set of rules

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2
Q

what are the types of measures?

A
  • direct
  • indirect
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3
Q

what are the rules of measurement?

A

promote consistency in measurement methods between different individuals

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4
Q

what do direct measures involve?

A

determining the value of concrete factors

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5
Q

examples of direct measures

A
  • weight
  • BP
  • O2 sat
  • temperature
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6
Q

what are indirect measures?

A

these are indicators of a concept that can capture elements of the measurement of an abstract idea

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7
Q

examples of indirect measures

A
  • pain
  • depression
  • coping
  • self-care
  • self-esteem
  • anxiety levels
  • feelings
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8
Q

what are the levels of measurement?

A
  • nominal
  • ordinal
  • interval
  • ratio
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9
Q

what is the purpose of nominal-level measurement?

A

organize data into categories of defined properties

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10
Q

elements of a nominal-level measurement cannot be rank-ordered

A

true

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11
Q

categories in a nominal-level measurement differ in quality than quantity

A

true

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12
Q

what are important characteristics of categories in a nominal-level measurement?

A
  • not orderable
  • exclusive
  • exhaustive (thorough)
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13
Q

what does ordinal-level measurement entail?

A

data need to be assigned to categories that can be ranked

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14
Q

interval-level measurement uses scales

A

true

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15
Q

what is a property of a scale?

A

it has equal numerical distances between the intervals

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16
Q

why are ordinal data considered to have unequal intervals?

A

there is no certainty that intervals between ranked categories are equal

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17
Q

what does exclusive mean in categories of data?

A

each datum fits into only one category

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18
Q

what does exhaustive mean in categories of data?

A

each datum fit into at least one category

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19
Q

examples of ordinal-level of measurement

A
  • pain scale
  • ADLs
  • Fall Scale
  • Braden Score
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20
Q

what rules do the scales in interval-level measurement follow?

A
  • mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and ranked categories
  • representation of a continuum of values
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21
Q

examples of interval-level measurement

A
  • temperature
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22
Q

what is ratio-level measurement?

A

the highest form of measurement and meets all the rules of other forms of measurement

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23
Q

what are the rules that categories of ordinal-level measurement follow?

A
  • ranked
  • exclusive
  • exhaustive
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24
Q

what is a distinct rule that only ratio-level measurement follows?

A

data must have an absolute zero

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25
Q

what are all the rules that categories of ratio-level measurement follows?

A
  • exhaustive
  • exclusive
  • ranked
  • equal intervals
  • absolute zero
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26
Q

interval-level measurement has no zero point

A

true

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27
Q

define measurement error

A

the difference between the true measure and what is actually measured

28
Q

define true measure

A

the ideal perfect measure

29
Q

what are the types of measurement errors?

A
  • systematic
  • random
30
Q

what is a random measurement error?

A

measured values and true value have no clear pattern

31
Q

what is a systematic measurement error?

A

the variation in measurement values is primarily in the same direction

32
Q

what is the common cause of random measurement error?

A

human error

33
Q

what is the most common cause of systematic measurement error?

A

the wrong measurement tool was used, despite it working optimally

34
Q

what does reliability in measurement focus on?

A

the consistency of a measurement method

35
Q

which value of correlation coefficient is considered perfect reliability?

A

1.00

36
Q

which value of correlation coefficient is considered no reliability?

A

0.00

37
Q

what value is the lowest acceptable coefficient for a well-developed measurement tool?

A

≥ 0.80

38
Q

what are the types of reliability?

A
  • stability
  • equivalence
  • homogeneity
39
Q

what is stability reliability concerned with?

A

the consistency of repeated measures using the test-retest reliability

40
Q

what does equivalence reliability compare?

A
  • two versions of the same measurement
  • two observers measuring the same event
41
Q

what are the subtypes of equivalence reliability?

A
  • alternate forms reliability (instruments)
  • interrater reliability (observers)
42
Q

what are physiological measures?

A

these are measurement methods used to quantify the level of functioning of human beings

43
Q

which sources of error affect physiological factors?

A
  • environment (temperature)
  • user who is operating the equipment
  • subject (capacity)
  • equipment (calibration)
  • interpretation (misinterpretation)
44
Q

routine physiological measures are assumed to be accurate & precise, but are not always correct

A

true

45
Q

what kind of evidence do researchers need to provide when they are using physiological measures?

A

evidence of the measure’s accuracy, precision, & potential for error

46
Q

what are the measures that help determine accuracy of screening & diagnostic tests?

A
  • sensitivity
  • specificity
  • positive predictive value
  • negative predictive value
47
Q

define sensitivity

A

the proportion of patients with a disease who have a positive screening test

48
Q

define specificity

A

proportion of patients without a disease who have a negative screening test

49
Q

define positive predictive value

A

the percentage of true-positives who test positive

50
Q

define negative predictive value

A

the percentage of true negatives who test negative

51
Q

what are some examples of conditions that need a test?

A
  • colorectal cancer
  • flu
  • diabetes
52
Q

what are the types of physiological measurements?

A
  • physical measurement
  • microbiological measurement
53
Q

what are the types of observational measurements?

A
  • unstructured observation
  • structured observation
54
Q

what are the types of interviews?

A
  • unstructured interview
  • structured interview
55
Q

what do unstructured observations involve?

A

an interaction to watch the participant perform in a specific setting

56
Q

what do structured observations entail?

A
  • the researcher carefully defining what they need to observe
  • how these observations are going to be quantified
57
Q

how can researchers structure their observations?

A

develop a category system for organizing & sorting the behaviors or events being observed

58
Q

what are the types of scales?

A
  • rating scales
  • Likert Scale
  • visual analog scales
59
Q

what is the most common scale?

A

Likert Scale

60
Q

what is the data collection process?

A

the process of acquiring subjects & collecting study data

61
Q

describe the content of an unstructured interview

A

it is controlled by the study participants

62
Q

describe the content of a structured interview

A
  • it is similar to a questionnaire
  • responses to questions are carefully designed by the researcher
63
Q

what is a questionnaire?

A

a self-report form designed to elicit information through written, verbal, or electronic responses

64
Q

in which type of study are questionnaires often used?

A

descriptive study

65
Q

what is the Likert Scale designed for?

A

to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects

66
Q

what is the Visual Analog Scale used for?

A

to measure the strength, magnitude, or intensity of subjective feelings

67
Q

define administrative data

A

data collected within clinical agencies by different people in different sites using different methods

N3 EBP (14 decks)

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