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N3 EBP > Exam 2 - Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a sample?

A

the people / elements that researchers collect data from

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2
Q

define population

A

a particular group of individuals or elements that are the focus of the research

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3
Q

what are the components of a population?

A
  • target population
  • accessible population
  • sample
  • element
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4
Q

what is target population?

A

an entire set of individuals or elements who meet the sampling criteria

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5
Q

what is accessible population?

A

a portion of the target population to which the researcher has access

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6
Q

what is an element?

A

individual units of the population and sample

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7
Q

what is sampling?

A

a subset of a population selected to represent the whole population

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8
Q

what does a sampling plan / method define?

A

the selection process which researchers use to choose the subjects or participants

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9
Q

define generalization

A

the act of extending the findings from the sample study to the larger population

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10
Q

what are the qualities that influence the extent of generalization?

A
  • quality of the study
  • consistency of findings
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11
Q

define inclusion criteria

A

characteristics that subjects must have to be part of the target population

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12
Q

define exclusion criteria

A

characteristics a person or an element has that causes them to be excluded from the study

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13
Q

what are the types of samples?

A
  • homogenous
  • heterogeneous
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14
Q

homogenous sampling is narrowly defined

A

true

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15
Q

what does homogenous sampling limit?

A

generalization of findings

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16
Q

what does heterogenous sampling allow researchers to have?

A

a broad range of values being studied

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17
Q

what does heterogenous sampling entail?

A
  • increased representativeness of the sample
  • ability to generalize
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18
Q

define representativeness

A

the sample, access population, and target population are all alike in many ways

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19
Q

what is a representative sample?

A

a sample that has members who have characteristics similar to those of the population from which it was drawn

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20
Q

what is a sampling error?

A

the difference between population mean and sample mean

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21
Q

how does random variation occur?

A

it happens by chance

different values were drawn from the same sample

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22
Q

how does systematic variation occur?

A

occurs deliberately by careful selection of subjects whose values differ specifically from the population

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23
Q

systematic variation is a result of bias

A

true

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24
Q

define refusal rate

A

the percentage of subjects who declined to participate in the study

25
Q

define acceptance rate

A

the percentage of subjects who consented to participate

26
Q

what is a sample attrition?

A

the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study

27
Q

high attrition rates results to an invalid study

A

true

28
Q

what is a sample retention?

A

the number of subjects who remain in and complete a study

29
Q

what is a sampling frame?

A

a listing of every member of the population

30
Q

how is the sampling frame formed?

A

by using the sampling criteria to define membership in the population

31
Q

what is a sampling plan?

A

an outline of strategies used to obtain a sample for a study

32
Q

what are the types of sampling plans?

A
  • probability
  • nonprobability
33
Q

what does probability sampling entail?

A

each person or element in a population has an opportunity to be selected for a sample

34
Q

how can probability sample be achieved?

A

through random selection

35
Q

the opportunity for systematic bias is less when participants are selected randomly

A

true

36
Q

what are the types of probability sampling?

A
  • simple random sampling
  • stratified random sampling
  • cluster sampling
  • systematic sampling
37
Q

what is simple random sampling?

A

the most basic of the probability sampling plans

38
Q

how can simple random sampling be achieved?

A

by randomly selecting elements from the sampling frame

39
Q

in what situation is stratified random sampling used?

A

when the researcher knows some of the variables in the population are important for representativeness

40
Q

what are examples of variables used in stratification?

A
  • diagnosis
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • socioeconomic status
41
Q

when is cluster sampling best used?

A
  • it is necessary to obtain a geographically dispersed sample
  • the researcher cannot identify the individual elements (unable to develop a sampling frame)
42
Q

what does cluster sampling entail?

A

a list of all states, cities, institutions, or clinicians that elements of the identified population can be linked with

43
Q

what does systematic sampling entail?

A

an ordered list of all members of the population is available

44
Q

what is the process involved with systematic sampling?

A

selecting every kth individual on the list, with a starting point randomly selected

45
Q

what does it mean if the starting point is not random?

A

the sample is a nonprobability or nonrandom sample

46
Q

what does nonprobability sampling entail?

A

not every element of a population has an opportunity to be selected for a study sample (least likely to be generalized)

47
Q

why is nonprobability sampling most commonly used in nursing research?

A

this type of sampling reduces representativeness of a target population (there are a limited number of patients available for research)

48
Q

what are the types of nonprobability sampling?

A
  • convenience sampling
  • quota sampling
  • purposive sampling
  • network sampling
  • theoretical sampling
49
Q

what does convenience sampling entail?

A
  • provides little opportunity to control biases
  • opportunistic in selecting participants for a study

accidental sampling

50
Q

what are characteristics of convenience sampling?

A
  • inexpensive
  • accessible
  • less time-consuming
51
Q

what can convenience sampling provide in research?

A

a means to conduct studies on nursing interventions when researchers cannot use probability sampling methods

52
Q

what does quota sampling entail?

A

ensures the inclusion of participant types likely to be underrepresented in the convenience sample

53
Q

what does purposeful sampling entail?

A

researcher consciously selects their sample to include in the study

54
Q

what does network sampling entail?

A

locating participants for a study is difficult & thus takes advantage of social networks

55
Q

what is network sampling most useful for?

A

findings participants from socially devalued populations

56
Q

what is theoretical sampling used for?

A

developing a selected theory or model

57
Q

what are the characteristics of the data that theoretical sampling needs?

A
  • generates
  • delimits
  • saturates

theoretical codes in the study needed for theory generation

58
Q

how does saturation occur?

A

when additional sampling provides no new information

59
Q

define effect size

A

the extent to which the null or statistical hypothesis is false

N3 EBP (14 decks)

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