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N3 EBP > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

research

A

systematic inquiry that validates and refines existing knowledge, and developing new ones

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2
Q

nursing research

A
  • scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge regarding nursing practice
  • also generates new knowledge
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3
Q

what is EBP?

A

clinical nursing practice that promotes quality, safe, and cost-effective outcomes

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4
Q

characteristics of quantitative research

A
  • uses large numbers, surveys, data, questionnaires, and positivism
  • deductive reasoning
  • closed questions
  • tests theories
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5
Q

characteristics of qualitative research

A
  • use of words, small sample, focus groups, in-depth analysis
  • open-ended questions
  • develops theory
  • inductive reasoning
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6
Q

positivist philosophy

A

all genuine knowledge is true by definition

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7
Q

inductive reasoning

A

reasoning that moves from a specific knowledge to the general theory

(induces new theories that stem from specific scenarios)

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8
Q

deductive reasoning

A

formation of a general theory to a particular situation or conclusion

(deduction to specifics)

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9
Q

example of deductive reasoning

A

knowing that narcotics cause respiratory depression –> a patient will have that side effect when they take it

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10
Q

types of qualitative research

A
  • phenomenological research
  • grounded theory
  • ethnographic research
  • exploratory-descriptive research
  • historical research
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11
Q

phenomenological research

A

an inductive research approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by an individual

lived experience of chronic pain

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12
Q

grounded theory

A

an inductive research technique used to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon

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13
Q

ethnographic research

A

investigates cultures through an in-depth study of the members of that culture

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13
Q

what is the role of BSN nurses in research?

A

they critique studies, conduct EBP with guidance, and assist in research

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14
Q

what are the goals of conducting research?

A

devise a description of the problem, explanation of its cause, prediction of its patterns, and a control that draws the outcome

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15
Q

what are the strategies for research synthesis?

A
  • systematic review
  • meta-analysis
  • meta-synthesis
  • mixed-methods
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16
Q

systematic review

A

identify, select, critically appraise, and synthesize research evidence

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17
Q

meta-analysis

A

determines the effect of an intervention by pooling the results from several previous studies using statistical analysis

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18
Q

meta-synthesis

A

compilation and integration of qualitative studies

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19
Q

what is the goal of quantitative research?

A

explain the relationships between variables while predicting an outcome from those relationships

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20
Q

what are the types of quantitative research?

A
  • experimental
  • quasi-experimental
  • correlational
  • descriptive
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21
Q

what does descriptive research entail?

A

discovery of new meaning, along with description and exploration of phenomena in real-life situations

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22
Q

what does correlational research present?

A

the type and strength of the relationship between two or more variables

no cause and effect

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23
Q

what does quasi-experimental research present?

A

cause and effect relationships between variables

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24
Q

what is the most common scenario where quasi-experimental is used?

A

implementing treatments and examining the relationship between the outcome and intervention

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25
Q

why is quasi-experimental research not ideal for settings that are nonpractical and one with ethical implications?

A

it examines human behavior & natural human responses

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26
Q

define control

A

it is the imposing of rules to decrease possibility of error and increase accuracy of findings

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27
Q

what are the types of settings for quantitative research?

A
  • natural/ field (home, playground)
  • partially controlled (community clinics)
  • highly controlled/ lab (research unit, lab, ICU)
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28
Q

what are the components of research reports?

A

Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Reference list

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29
Q

example of a partially controlled setting

A

community clinics

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30
Q

examples of highly controlled settings

A

research units, lab, ICU

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31
Q

how is rigor achieved in qualitative research?

A
  • openness
  • adherence to a philosophical perspective
  • thoroughness in collecting data
  • consideration of all data in subjective theory development phase
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32
Q

what is the primary purpose of literature review in quantitative studies?

A
  • gain a broad understanding of information available
  • describe current knowledge of topic (address the gaps)
  • present the rationale of the research purpose
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33
Q

what are the things the methods section of a research report describe?

A
  • design sample (and the process for obtaining it)
  • measurement methods
  • treatment
  • data collection process
  • list of statistical analyses conducted
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34
Q

what does the discussion section of the research report provide?

A

a comparison of synthesized findings with other studies by interpreting differences, and identifying limitations & implications

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35
Q

primary source

A

written by the original creator of the idea that was published

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36
Q

secondary source

A

summarizes the content from the primary source (meta analysis report)

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37
Q

what are the top most trusted databases for nursing research?

A
  • PubMed
  • CINHAL
38
Q

what are the 3 elements of EBP?

A
  • best research evidence
  • clinical expertise
  • patient’s circumstances & values
39
Q

what does the NINR offer to nursing researchers?

A

offers grants to researchers at any point in their careers from the treatment of illness to include health promotion and illness prevention.

funding for disease treatment & prevention, and health promotion

40
Q

define basic research

A

pure research that is only involved in the lab

41
Q

what does applied research entail?

A
  • problem solving in clinical practice
  • studies the effects of an intervention
  • applies findings on real patients
42
Q

what are the challenges of a mixed-method design?

A
  • funding
  • combining qualitative & quantitative data
  • resources
43
Q

what do mixed-method researchers capitalize on to produce more robust findings?

A

the strengths of numbers and words to answer different components or stages of a research question

44
Q

what are three foci of evaluation in appraising the quality of healthcare?

according to Donabedian’s Theory

A
  • structure (where care is provided)
  • process (how is was provided)
  • outcome

evaluated over the course of a specific timeframe

45
Q

what does power mean in research?

A

the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference

46
Q

validity is a result of accuracy

A

true

47
Q

reliability is a result of consistency

A

true

48
Q

define normal curve

A

it is the theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population

49
Q

mode, mean, and median are equal in a normal distribution curve

A

true

50
Q

examples of direct measures

A
  • weight
  • BP
  • O2 sat
  • temperature
51
Q

examples of indirect measures

A
  • pain
  • depression
  • coping
  • self-care
  • self-esteem
  • anxiety levels
  • feelings
52
Q

what are the types of measurement errors?

A
  • systematic
  • random
53
Q

what is a random measurement error?

A

measured values & true value have no clear pattern

54
Q

what is a systematic measurement error?

A

the variation in measurement values is primarily in the same direction

55
Q

what value is the lowest acceptable coefficient for a well-developed measurement tool?

A

≥ 0.80

56
Q

what are physiological measures?

A

these are measurement methods that are used to quantify the level of functioning of human beings

57
Q

define sensitivity

A

the proportion of patients with a disease who have a positive screening test

58
Q

define specificity

A

proportion of patients without a disease who have a negative screening test

59
Q

what is the Likert Scale designed for?

A

to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects

“most / least likely; somewhat”

60
Q

what is the Visual Analog Scale used for?

A

to measure the strength, magnitude, or intensity of subjective feelings

61
Q

levels of evidence

Level 1

A
  • systematic review
  • meta-analysis
62
Q

levels of evidence

Level 2

A
  • RCT
  • experimental study
63
Q

levels of evidence

Level 3

A

quasi-experimental study

64
Q

levels of evidence

Level 4

A
  • mixed-methods review
  • qualitative meta-synthesis
65
Q

levels of evidence

Level 5

A
  • descriptive correlational
  • predictive correlational
  • cohort studies
66
Q

levels of evidence

Level 6

A
  • descriptive study
  • qualitative study
67
Q

levels of evidence

Level 7

A

opinions of experts and authorities

68
Q

how is the sampling frame formed?

A

by using the sampling criteria to define membership in the population

69
Q

what is a sampling plan?

A

an outline of strategies used to obtain a sample for a study

70
Q

nonprobability sampling is the least likely to produce generalizable findings

A

true

71
Q

example of inductive reasoning

A

a patient starts having dyspnea after administering narcotics –> narcotics cause respiratory depression

72
Q

what are the types of probability sampling?

A
  • simple random sampling
  • stratified random sampling
  • cluster sampling
  • systematic sampling
73
Q

what is simple random sampling?

A
  • the most basic of the probability sampling plans
  • achieved by randomly selecting elements from the sampling frame
74
Q

how can simple random sampling be achieved?

A

by randomly selecting elements from the sampling frame

75
Q

in what situation is stratified random sampling used?

A

when the researcher knows some of the variables in the population are important for representativeness

76
Q

what are examples of variables used in stratification?

A
  • diagnosis
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • socioeconomic status
77
Q

when is cluster sampling best used?

A
  • it is necessary to obtain a geographically dispersed sample
  • the researcher cannot identify the individual elements (unable to develop a sampling frame)
78
Q

what does cluster sampling entail?

A

a list of all states, cities, institutions, or clinicians that elements of the identified population can be linked with

79
Q

what does systematic sampling entail?

A

an ordered list of all members of the population is available

80
Q

what is the process involved with systematic sampling?

A

selecting every nth individual on the list, with a starting point randomly selected

81
Q

what does it mean if the starting point is not random?

A

the sample is a nonprobability or nonrandom sample

82
Q

what does *nonprobability sampling *entail?

A

not every element of a population has an opportunity to be selected for a study sample (least likely to be generalized)

83
Q

what are the types of nonprobability sampling?

A
  • convenience sampling
  • quota sampling
  • purposive sampling
  • network sampling
  • theoretical sampling
84
Q

what can convenience sampling provide in research?

A

a means to conduct studies on nursing interventions when researchers cannot use probability sampling methods

85
Q

what does convenience sampling entail?

A
  • provides little opportunity to control biases
  • opportunistic in selecting participants for a study

accidental sampling

86
Q

what does quota sampling entail?

A

ensures the inclusion of participant types likely to be underrepresented in the convenience sample

87
Q

what does purposeful sampling entail?

A

researcher consciously selects their sample to include in the study

88
Q

what does network sampling entail?

A

locating participants for a study is difficult & thus takes advantage of social networks

89
Q

what is network sampling most useful for?

A

finding participants from socially devalued populations

90
Q

what is theoretical sampling used for?

A

developing a selected theory or model

91
Q

what are the characteristics of the data that theoretical sampling needs?

A
  • generates
  • delimits
  • saturates

theoretical codes in the study are needed for theory generation

92
Q

how does saturation occur?

A

when additional sampling provides no new information

93
Q

define effect size

A

the extent to which the null or statistical hypothesis is false

N3 EBP (14 decks)

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