Learning and memory II Flashcards
Which of the following occurs from changes between one sensory system and the motor system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following occurs from changes between one sensory system and the motor system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following occurs from changes in one sensory system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following occurs from changes in one sensory system
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following is learning about the relationship among individual stimuli
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Which of the following is learning about the relationship among individual stimuli
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
How does learning alter brain structure? [1]
Experiences change the way we perceive, perform, think, and plan by physically altering neural circuits that participate in perceiving, performing, thinking, and planning
What are the three major stages that sustain learning and memory? [3]
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Explain the three major stages that sustain learning and memory:
Encoding [2]
Storage [1]
Retrieval [1]
Encoding:
* Acquisition: Sensory stimuli make the cut into-short-term memory
* Consolidation Changes in the brain stabilize memory over time, resulting in long-term memory
Creates a stronger representation over time
Storage:
* Represents the permanent record of the information
Retrieval
* accessing the stored information & using it to create a conscious representation or execute a learned behaviour
What are the different types of memories that we have? [3]
State the type of memory they
Very short lived: sensory memory
Short to medium lived: short-term memory; working memory
Long term
Very short term memory: sensory memory
Explain the two types of very short term sensory memory [2]
Echoic:
* short-lived persistence of the auditory sensory memory trace
* The auditory information just presented to you persists as a sort of echo in your head
* If you try to retrieve it quickly enough, it is still present and can be used
Iconic memory
* Short-lived persistence of the visual sensory memory trace
Very short term memory: sensory memory
How long do iconic and echoic memory last for? [2]
Echoic: The neural trace of an auditory stimulus is around 10 sec
Iconic memory: The neural trace of a visual stimulus is only 300 to 500 msec
Desribe The Atkinson and Shiffrin multi-store model of memory (1968)
Discrete stages of information processing occur during learning and memory:
Sensory memory –> Short term memory –> Long term memory
Describe the concept of working memory
A limited capacity store for retaining information over the short term (maintenance; sec to min), AND on focusing attention on AND performing mental operations on the contents of the maintained store (manipulation)
Where is the central executive processor in the brain? [1]
prefrontal cortex
Describe the pathway of long term memory potentiation in the hippocampus
Input to the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex
To the granule cells of the dentate gryus
To the pyrimadal cells of CA3 hippocampal region via mossy fibres (neurones in the dentate gyrus)
From CA3 region either goes to:
- via the fornix to the mamillary bodies. Which then connects to anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Projections go back to the cingulate gyrus and entorhinal cortex (AKA Papez’s circuit)
OR
- CA3 axons project to CA1 via schaffer collaterals. The CA1 outputs convey the results of hippocampal processing, via the subiculum, back to the entorhinal cortex and sensory neocortex
Label C
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
Label C
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
Explain the difference in structure between AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors [2]
NMDA:
* At normal resting membrane potentials are blocked by Mg2+
* Depolarisation of NMDA causes release of Mg2+ and unblocks the channel
* Glutamate can enter channel and Ca2+ influxes
* Ca2+ or Na+ can influx
AMPA:
* Opens in response to released glutamate and allow influx of Na+, which depolarises the neuron and produces an EPSP
* Can depolarise NMDA
LTP
Explain the difference between high frequency LTP occurs once versus iif high frequency input is repeated a few times
High frequency LTP repeated once:
* LTP lasts approx. 3 hours and decays.
* This transient, early LTP is not dependent on protein synthesis
High frequency LTP repeated many times:
* Form of late LTP occurs that lasts for approx. 24 hours
* Dependent on protein synthesis.
* Requires Ca2+ to activate a cascade of enzymes via cyclic AMP
State the changes that occur post-synaptically with LTP [2]
Changes in the size and shape of dendritic spines
Growth of new dendritic spines
State the changes that occur post-synaptically with LTP [2]
Changes in the size and shape of dendritic spines
Growth of new dendritic spines
Explain the difference in neural connections between early memory consolidation and late consolidation [3]
Connections between the hippocampus and various cortical modules are critical in early memory formation
Over time, the cortical modules form connections among themselves and the connections with the hippocampus become less important
When the memory is fully consolidated, only the cortical to cortical connections are important and the hippocampus becomes unnecessary
The retrieval cue accesses the memory directly from the cortical to cortical network of connections that form the unified representation of the memory
Working memory (aka short term memory)
What is the name for the area that controls short term memory? [1]
Central executive [1]
Lesions impacting the visuospatial working memory would occur from which regions of the brain? [2]
Left AND Right
Anterior occipital cortex: Broadmann area 19
Inferior posterior parietal lobe
Supramarginal gyrus
(Broadmann area 40)
Working memory
Label A-E
