exam 2 lecture 2

Question 1

parenteral routes of admin

Answer 1

IV - rapid, straight to blood stream, good for irritant drugs, suitable for large volume, least forgiving
IM
subQ
intradermal
intraperiotoneal

Question 2

parameters for parenteral admin

Answer 2

has right potency
properly labeled
sterile
free of particles + pyrogens
isotonic
physiological pH

Question 3

parameters for intra-spinal injections

Answer 3

has right potency
properly labeled
sterile
free of particles + pyrogens
isotonic
physiological pH
no preservatives

Question 4

common isotonic vehicles

Answer 4

0.9% NaCl (saline)
5% dextrose aka D5W

Question 5

isotonic + sterile solutions

Answer 5

NS
D5W
D2.5W / 1/2NS

Question 6

components of parenteral product vehicles
water miscible products

Answer 6

ethyl alcohol
polyethylene glycol
propylene glycol
used to stabilize drugs
slow down hydrolysis
IM injection
IV preparation

Question 7

PEG

Answer 7

can be used in IV concentrations as high as 40%
low hemolytic potential

Question 8

oils

Answer 8

do not inject straight liquid oils into vein (IV) –> causes embolism
oil emulsion is OK for IV injection
- oil droplets are small
- no risk embolism
- solution is not emulsion
OIL solution can be admin IM
OIL solution is not OIL emulsion

Question 9

antimicrobial preservatives

Answer 9

used for multiple dose preparations
benzyl alcohol - .9% is most common
parabens
cresol
not effective in oil based formulations

Question 10

important info antimicrobial preservatives

Answer 10

only multiple use are allowed to contain antimicrobial preservatives
multiple use must contain preservatives
benzyl alcohol in neonates –> gasping syndrome
intraspinal admin must be free of anti-microbial preservatives

Question 11

pH buffers

Answer 11

addresses solubility + stability issues w/ drug
use them as low concentrations as neccessary

Question 12

common buffers

Answer 12

citrates: safe by IV, very irritating by IM or SC
acetates
phosphates: caution bc potentially fatal due to combining w/ calcium and precipitating –> need to be given together in PN preparations

Question 13

buffer vs unbuffered

Answer 13

buffers are used to force the pH to a fixed value
unbuffered solutions are quickly diluted into physiological pH
want buffer as dilute as possible physiological pH in body takes over

Question 14

antioxidants

Answer 14

metabisulfite salts: low pH
bisulfite: intermediate pH
sulfite: high pH
ascorbic acid
antioxidants get attacked by oxygen first –> protects drug

Question 15

chelating agent

Answer 15

most common sodium EDTA
enhance antioxidant effect

Question 16

tonicity agents

Answer 16

NS
D5W
glycerol

Question 17

compounding containers

Answer 17

direct contact with product
glass most common container –> types 1,2,3 glass but use type 1

Question 18

compounding vials

Answer 18

type of container
glass/plastic –> always sterile wipe

Question 19

compounding ampules

Answer 19

made of glass
single use
provide hermetic, uniform containment

Question 20

compounding IV bags

Answer 20

large volume container
roll clamp –> one-way check valve
gravity set –> pressure counteracts
there is drop number which is conversion factor

Question 21

compounding syringes

Answer 21

luer lok –> required for hazardous drugs
luer tip
use final edge of plunger to read the volume
accuracy –> 1/2 of smallest division

Question 22

compounding needles

Answer 22

available in sterile wrap
sizes is two numbers –> guage (diameter) + length
filter needles: must be used when using ampules