13/07 Flashcards
(51 cards)
What level does spinal cord become cauda equina?
L2
What level is spinal/epidural anaesthetic injected?
L3-L4
What level does sympathetic outflow exit spinal cord?
T1-L2
Which nerve supplies somatic motor and sensory to the perinuem?
Pudendal nerve
What are the nerve roots of pudendal nerve?
S2,3,4
What arteries supply anterior abdo wall?
Superior epigastric (continuation of interal thoracic) Inferior epigastric (branch of ext iliac)
What is relationship of ureter and uterine artery?
Ureter inferior to uterine artery = “water under the bridge”
What structures are at risk of injury in sacrospinous fixation? Why?
Pudendal NVB
Sciatic nerve
(Runs around sacrospinous ligament)
What does the placenta do if implantation occurs?
Secrete HCG - prevents deterioration of corpus luteum
What is the most reliable test to assess ovulation?
Day 21 progesterone
What hormone should be tested to confirm menopause?
FSH
How does BP fluctuate in a normal pregnancy?
BP falls in 1st trimester (particularly diastolic) till 20-24 weeks - then gradually increases till term
High risk groups for preclampsia
CKD
Previous HTN in pregnancy
Autoimmune disorders
Diabetes
How long can pregnancy test remain positive after TOP?
4 weeks
How is cryptorchidism treated if < 14 y/o?
Orchidoplexy (to minimise cancer risk)
What does FSH act on in males?
Sertoli cells
What does LH act on in males?
Leydig cells
What do the seminal vesicle secrete?
Prostaglandins (stimulate motility)
Fibrinogen (clot precursor)
In a normal menstrual cycle what inhibits FSH?
Inhibin
What effect does oestrogen have on LH?
At low conc - inhibits LH
At high conc - stimulates LH
What does the corpus luteum produce?
Oestrogen
Progesterone (Inhibits GNRH - stimulates endometrial growth)
Inhibin (inhibits FSH)
Causes of cervical excitation
PID
Ecoptic pregnancy
When is LH surge?
midpoint of cycle (24-48 hours before ovulation)
When do entrometiral polyps commonly occcur?
Around and after menopause