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1
Q

What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?

A

Exotoxins are secreted by living bacterial cells
endotoxins are shed by the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

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2
Q

What is an endoenzyme?

A

already existing within the body

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3
Q

What is an exoenzyme?

A

originating from a source outside the body

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4
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic infections?

A

Acute infections come on rapidly with severe effects
chronic infections progress and persist over a long period

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5
Q

What are the five steps involved in a microbe causing a disease?

A
  • Finding a port of entry
  • Attaching firmly
  • Surviving host defenses
  • Causing damage (disease)
  • Exiting host
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6
Q

What is the role of kinase in infections?

A

Helps to dissolve fibrin clots and allows the pathogen to bury into tissues

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7
Q

What is the role of coagulase?

A

Causes clotting of blood or plasma

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8
Q

What is the role of hyaluronidase?

A

Digests ground/connective tissues

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9
Q

What is the role of keratinase?

A

Digests keratin, the principal component of hair and skin

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10
Q

What is the role of mucinase?

A

Digests the protective coating on mucous membranes

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11
Q

What is the role of collagenase?

A

Digests and breaks down collagen

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12
Q

Define biosafety levels.

A

There are four levels designed to protect healthcare and research workers, with Level 1 being the weakest and Level 4 the most stringent

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13
Q

Fetuses are seeded in utero, during the birth process, breast milk, the diet, and the environment.

A

resident biota

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14
Q

What organization characterized the biosafety levels in America?

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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15
Q

What is the Human Microbiome Project?

A

An American effort to research and characterize microbes living on healthy and diseased bodies

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16
Q

What occurs during the incubation period of infection?

A

Time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptom

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17
Q

What happens during the prodromal stage of infection?

A

Notable symptoms include general discomfort, malaise, head and muscle aches

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18
Q

What characterizes the period of invasion in an infection?

A

The agent multiplies at high levels and exhibits its greatest virulence

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19
Q

What occurs during the convalescent period of infection?

A

The patient’s strength and health gradually return

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20
Q

What is the continuation phase in infections?

A

The organism lingers for months, years, or indefinitely after recovery

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21
Q

What is the role of Mary in the typhoid fever example?

A

Reservoir

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22
Q

What is the role of the pie in the typhoid fever example?

A

Source

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23
Q

What are vectors?

A

Live animals that transmit infectious agents from one host to another

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24
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

A vector that transports an infectious agent without being affected

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25
What is a biological vector?
A vector that actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle
26
What is an example of a non-living reservoir?
Water
27
What is the role of the river in infection transmission?
Reservoir
28
What is the role of the cup of water in infection transmission?
Source
29
What is zoonosis?
An infection indigenous to animals but transmitted to humans
30
What are the three modes of transmission of communicable diseases?
* Direct transmission * Indirect transmission * Vector transmission
31
What is parenteral transmission?
Passing an infection through contaminated needles or puncture wounds
32
What do the acronyms HAI and CAUTI stand for?
* HAI: Hospital Acquired Infections * CAUTI: Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
33
What are Koch’s four postulates?
* Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease * Isolate the microbe from an infected subject and cultivate it in a pure culture * Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the lab isolate and observe the same disease * Re-isolate the lab isolate from this subject
34
What are some limitations to Koch’s postulates?
* Some isolates cannot be readily grown in a lab * No suitable animal models for human experience * Some viruses have a narrow host range * Many human infections are polymicrobial
35
Define epidemiology.
The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations
36
What is the difference between endemic and pandemic patterns of infection?
* Endemic: Steady frequency of disease in a geographical area * Pandemic: Disease rate significantly exceeds normal and spreads across continents
37
long term damage to tissue or organs
sequelae
38
Normal E.coli strains from the digestive tract become displaced and exploit a new opportunity in the host
opportunistic
39
toxinoses or diseases such as diptheria/tetanus where poisons are spread by the blood
toxemia
40
substances toxic to WBCs
leukocidins
41
humans and their resident microbiota
holobiont
42
an inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain
menininges
43
any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to a host response
virulence factor
44
condition in which pathogenic organisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissue, and multiply
infection
45
vaccine against exotoxins
toxoid
46
accumulation of fluid in an afflicted tissue
edema
47
WBC that can engulf and destroy pathogens
phagocyte
48
type of cancer/tumor derived from a word meaning swelling
sarcoma
49
walled of collection of inflammatory cells and microbes in the tissues
granuloma
50
retreat of an infectious agent to a dormant state
latency
51
infection causing microorganism
pathogen
52
any deviation from health
disease
53
two beneficial roles microoroganisms play on the human body
microbial antagonism gut health digestion
54
microorganisms where have the most impact on human health
alimentary canal gut digestive system
55
what time in life do humans begin to be colonized by microbes
in utero
56
minimum number of microbial cells required to initiate infection in the host
infectious dosage
57
structural virulence factors
fimbriae capsules viral spikes
58
secreted virulence factors
hyaluronidase kinase hemolysins
59
patterns of infections
localized systemic focal mixed primary/secondary
60
when a microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
localized
61
when an infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids
systemic
62
when the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried into other tissues
focal
63
polymicrobal diseases are also referred to as this
mixed
64
when in initial or primary infection is complicated by another infection or different microbe
primary secondary
65
objective evidence of a disease as noted by an observer
signs
66
subjective evidence of a disease as sensed by the patient
symptoms
67
specific and complex signs and symptoms that help identify a disease
syndrome
68
portals of exit
fecal exit skin scales urogenital tract blood/bleeding
69
five carrier states
asymptomatic incubating convalescent chronic passive
70

micro (12 decks)

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