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1
Q

Different first lines of defense

A

skin, mucous, hair, stomach acid

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2
Q

Different second lines of defense

A

phagocytes, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever

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3
Q

Different third lines of defense

A

B cells and T cells

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4
Q

3 factors that make skin a good innate barrier

A

pH
electrolytes
keratin

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5
Q

Difference between skin and mucous membranes

A

Skin has keratinized epithelial cells; mucous membranes do not.

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6
Q

What enzyme is found in tears tears, saliva, semen, and breast milk that hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls?

A

lysozyme

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7
Q

What prevents the intrusion of foreign microbes through microbial competition?

A

Microbial antagonism

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8
Q

4 nonspecific chemical defenses

A

Sebaceous secretions, lysozyme, lactic acid, electrolytes

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9
Q

Difference between cilia and microvilli

A

Cilia move mucus; microvilli increase surface area

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10
Q

3 responsibilities of a healthy immune system

A

Surveillance
recognition
destruction

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11
Q

What are markers and their function?

A

Molecules on cell surfaces (proteins/sugars) used for immune system recognition

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12
Q

4 body compartments involved in immune function

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system, extracellular fluid, bloodstream, lymphatic system

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13
Q

Role of mononuclear phagocyte system

A

Connective tissue network that supports and connects organs

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14
Q

What does GALT stand for?

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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15
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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16
Q

What does SALT stand for?

A

Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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17
Q

What does BALT stand for?

A

Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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18
Q

Composition and function of lymphatic fluid

A

Plasma-like fluid with water, salts, proteins; transports WBCs, fats, debris

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19
Q

Two differences between circulatory and lymphatic systems

A

Lymph moves one way (extremities to heart), moved by skeletal muscles

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20
Q

Function and age relation of thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation; decreases with age

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21
Q

Spleen’s primary function

A

Remove worn-out red blood cells

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22
Q

Spleen’s immunologic function

A

Filter pathogens from blood

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23
Q

Define lymph node and 3 major aggregation sites

A

Bean-shaped immune organ
armpit, groin, neck

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24
Q

Define serum and plasma; which is used in immune therapy?

A

Serum (no clotting factors) – used in immune therapy
Plasma (has clotting factors)

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25
What cells are in the buffy coat?
White blood cells (WBCs)
26
Function of fibrinogen
Protein involved in blood clotting
27
Define hematopoiesis and where it occurs in adults
Production of blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow
28
What are stem cells?
Immature cells that become specialized mature cells
29
Define erythrocyte
red blood cell
30
Define leukocyte
WBC
31
Define thrombocyte
platelet
32
What cell produces platelets?
megakaryocyte
33
2 characteristics of granulocytes
Lobed nucleus, contain staining granules
34
2 characteristics of agranulocytes
Rounded nucleus, no granules
35
4 granulocytes and their roles
Neutrophils (phagocytosis) Eosinophils (kill parasites) Basophils (allergy) Mast cells (inflammation/allergy)
36
Monocytes differentiate into which 2 cells?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
37
Which cells perform humoral immunity?
B cells
38
Which cells perform cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
39
Define phagocytosis
Ingesting microbes, antigens, or debris
40
Define phagosome
Vacuole containing ingested material
41
Define phagolysosome
Fusion of lysosome and phagosome; site of digestion
42
4 enzymes in phagolysosome
Lysozyme, DNase, protease, RNase
43
4 reactive oxygen products
Superoxide anion singlet oxygen hydroxyl radical myeloperoxidase products
44
3 examples of PAMPs
Peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA
45
5 signs of inflammation
Rubor, Tumor, Dolor, Calor, Loss of function
46
Which phagocytic granulocyte is the first responder?
Neutrophil
47
Define cytokine
Cell signaling molecule
48
Define chemokine
Chemotactic factor
49
Define exogenous pyrogen and give 3 examples
Pyrogens from outside the body: endotoxins vaccines bacteria
50
Define endogenous pyrogen
Pyrogens from immune cells (e.g., monocytes)
51
2 main endogenous pyrogens
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
52
Cytokine that inhibits virus replication
interferon
53
3 complement pathways
classical Lectin alternative
54
Final result of all complement pathways
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
55
immunity acquired from birth
innate
56
immunity acquired from exposure/specific recognition, memory
acquired
57
How does normal biota act as a first-line defense
Competes with pathogens, blocks attachment, alters pH, competes for nutrients
58
what is a marker in immune defense
protein/sugar molecule on cell surfaces used to identify self v. non self
59
4 bodily compartments involved in immunity
Mononuclear phagocyte system, ECF, bloodstream, lymphatic system
60
functions of lymphatic system
Returns fluid to circulation, immune surveillance, filters debris/infectious agents
61
what is lymph composed of
water salts proteins antibodies WBCs fats debris
62
primary lymphoid organs
where lymphocytes mature
63
secondary lymphoid organs
where immune responses begin
64
whole blood
cells + plasma
65
plasma
fluid with clotting factors
66
serum
plasma without clotting factors
67
function of neutrophils
First responders; phagocytosis and toxic chemical production
68
Function of eosinophils
Attack parasites; involved in allergy and inflammation
69
function of basophils
Release histamine; function in allergies and inflammation
70
role of T cells
cell mediated immunity
71
role of B cells
humoral immunity (producing antibodies)
72
Lymphocytes that kill virus-infected or cancer cells without specific antigen recognition
natural killer (NK) cells
73
PAMPs
pathogen assosiated molecular patterns on microbes
74
PRRs
pattern recognition receptors on host cells that detect PAMPs
75
Production of reactive oxygen species to kill ingested pathogens
oxidative burst
76
steps in inflammation
vascular change edema leukocyte recruitment tissue repair
77
margination
WBCs lining blood vessels
78
diapedesis
WBCs crawling out of vessels into tissues

micro (12 decks)

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