4

Question 1

organisms previously referred to as prokaryotes that now go by their domain name

Answer 1

bacteria
archaea

Question 2

bacteria and archaea have nuclear material that is free in the

Answer 2

cytoplasm

Question 3

the bacterial cell wall is made of

Answer 3

peptidoglycan

Question 4

archaea have a cell wall distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes called

Answer 4

pseudomurein

Question 5

ALL bacteria posses these 4 structures

Answer 5

cell membrane
ribsomomes
chromosome (DNA)
cytoplasm

Question 6

some bacteria possess these structures

Answer 6

endospores
intracellular membranes
inclusions
flagella
plasmids

Question 7

acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organism

Answer 7

nutrient processing

Question 8

increase in cell number that perpetuates the species

Answer 8

reproduction

Question 9

acquisition of traits that best suit the organism to it’s environment

Answer 9

evolution

Question 10

the average size of bacteria

Answer 10

1 micron

Question 11

three major shapes of bacteria

Answer 11

spheres
rods
spirals

Question 12

sphere shaped bacterium

Answer 12

cocci

Question 13

rod shaped bacterium

Answer 13

bacillus/rod

Question 14

spiral shaped bacterium

Answer 14

spirillum/spirochete

Question 15

two unusual shapes of bacteria

Answer 15

palisade
sarcina

Question 16

bacterial arrangement resultws from cells that remain attached following

Answer 16

binary fission

Question 17

form of cell division that occurs in bacteria

Answer 17

binary fission

Question 18

name for pairs of bacteria

Answer 18

prefix diplo

Question 19

name for packets of 4 bacteria

Answer 19

tetrads

Question 20

name for packets of 8-64 bacteria

Answer 20

sarcina

Question 21

name for chains in bacteria

Answer 21

prefix strepto

Question 22

name for irregular clusters of bacteria

Answer 22

prefix staphylo

Question 23

shows the most variation in arrangement of all major shapes of bacteria

Answer 23

cocci

Question 24

3 parts of flagella

Answer 24

basal body
hook
filament

Question 25

directed movement in response to a stimulus

Answer 25

taxis

Question 26

stimuli

Answer 26

chemicals light oxygen

Question 27

light prefix

Answer 27

photo

Question 28

oxygen prefix

Answer 28

aero

Question 29

chemical prefix

Answer 29

chemo

Question 30

direction of movement is specified as __________ if moving towards a favorable stimulus

Answer 30

positive

Question 31

direction of movement is considered _________ if moving away from a harmful stimulus

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

when the cell swims in a smooth, linear direction toward a stimulus because of the counterclockwise movement of the flagella

Answer 32

run

Question 33

when a flagella reverses direction, causing the cell to stop and change course

Answer 33

tumble

Question 34

special flagella of some spirochetes that spiral tightly around the cell instead of protruding into the environment

Answer 34

periplasmic/endoflagella

Question 35

periplasmic/endoflagella form an ________ that wraps around the cell and rotates

Answer 35

axial filament

Question 36

fresh, live preparation used to determine the presence of flagella

Answer 36

hanging drop technique

Question 37

preserved preperation used to determine the presence of flagella

Answer 37

flagellar staining

Question 38

the arrangement of flagella may be described as polar and (3)

Answer 38

monotrichous lophotrichous amphitrichous

Question 39

the arrangement of flagella may be described as nonpolar and

Answer 39

peritrichous

Question 40

fimbriae and pili provide attachment points or channels, but not

Answer 40

motility

Question 41

fimbriae are extensions that help cells __________ to one another or to other substances in the environment

Answer 41

stick/adhere

Question 42

fimbriae participate in adhesion and signaling between cells in ___________, or slimy masses of bacteria adhering to a surface

Answer 42

biofilms

Question 43

pili are also referred to as _______

Answer 43

pilus

Question 44

bacterial cells use pili to transfer DNA from one cell to another in a process called

Answer 44

conjugation

Question 45

gelatinous, stick substance that surrounds the outside of some cells

Answer 45

glycocalyx

Question 46

when the glycocalyx of a bacterium is composed of organized repeating units of organic molecules firmly attached to the cell surface

Answer 46

capsule

Question 47

when the glycocalyx is water soluble, it's called a

Answer 47

slime layer

Question 48

functions of the glycocalyx

Answer 48

prevent from dessication (drying out) protect cells from phagocytosis play a role in the formation of biofilms

Question 49

most bacterial cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides structural support and protection from

Answer 49

osmotic pressure

Question 50

two major bacterial wall structures

Answer 50

gram positive gram negative

Question 51

twin minor bacterial wall structures

Answer 51

acid fast/capsule pleomorphic bacteria

Question 52

peptidoglycan is composed of two alternating sugars called

Answer 52

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Question 53

gram positive bacterial cells have a 20 to 80nm ________ of peptidoglycan that also contain teichoic acids

Answer 53

thick

Question 54

gram negative bacterial cells have only a ______ layer of peptidoglycan

Answer 54

thin

Question 55

gram negative bacterial cells peptidoglycan location

Answer 55

periplasmic space

Question 56

outside of the peptidoglycan layer is an outer membrane, the outer leaflet of which contains the

Answer 56

lipopolysaccaride (LPS)

Question 57

as a result of the effect LPS has, it is also called

Answer 57

endotoxin

Question 58

gram positive cell walls stain

Answer 58

purple

Question 59

gram negative cell walls stain

Answer 59

pink

Question 60

some bacteria have waxy lipids called __________ associated with peptioglycan

Answer 60

mycolic acid

Question 61

alternative staining procedure is required to detect these organisms (leprosy and TB)

Answer 61

ziehl-neelson also known as ACID FAST

Question 62

bacteria without cell wall are general small in size and _______, having many shapes

Answer 62

pleomorphic