1.3 Case studies Flashcards
1
Q
How has human activity polluted the Florida Everglades?
A
- algal blooms due to housing and agricultural development
- draining water ways and creating channels to divert water
- algal blooms mean lack of oxygen for life below water
2
Q
How has human activity polluted the Citarum River, Indonesia?
A
- domestic and industrial waste
- more than 35million people depend on river
- textile factories have polluted river with lead, mercury, and other toxic chemicals
- 60% of fish species have been wiped out
- one of the world’s ten most polluted rivers
3
Q
Sahel Drought 2012 - location
A
- Sahel region, South of the Sahara
- 12 countries
- e.g. Mali, Chas, Niger, Mauritania, Burkina Faso
4
Q
Sahel Drought 2012 - Who was affected?
A
- 80% of Burkina Faso’s population relies on agriculture
- starvation of people and livestock
- farmers forced into different jobs
- increase in food prices
5
Q
Sahel Drought 2012 - Impacts
A
- 10-15% increase in child malnutrition
- poor quality harvest
- 26% reduction in food production compared to previous year
- drought resistant crops too expensive to switch to
6
Q
Sahel Drought 2012 - Responses
A
- food handouts
- use of drought resistant crops
- UN issued appeal for $1.6 billion but only half raised (people more likely to donate to short-term aid)
- charities checking for malnutrition
7
Q
UK flooding 2015-2016 - features
A
- caused by Storm Desmond, an extra tropical cyclone
- Towns on the Scottish border, Carlisle, Lancaster, Keswick, Braithwaite and Appleby amongst many other
8
Q
UK flooding 2015/16 - physical causes
A
- Desmond brought in moist air from the Caribbean to the British Isles so rainfall from Desmond was unusually heavy.
- The heavy rain and strong winds were caused by an area of low pressure which arrived from the Atlantic
- Honister in Cumbria received 341.4mm of rain in the 24-hour period
- winds up to 81mph
9
Q
UK flooding 2015/16 - human cause
A
- partly due to climate change meant wettest, warmest december on record
- some believe government ignored warnings than an increasing number of homes were at risk
10
Q
UK flooding 2015/16 - economic costs
A
- £500m of damage across Cumbria
- £1.3bn insurance bill
- Tadcaster bridge in North Yorkshire collapsed - would take over a year and £3mn for repairs
11
Q
UK flooding 2015/16 - environmental impacts
A
- sediment washed into river impacted water quality and aquatic wildlife
- sediment was transported and deposited on floodplains
- trees ripped from river banks
- landslides
12
Q
UK flooding 2015/16 - social impacts
A
- More than 1,000 people evacuated across Cumbria.
- 50,000 people were without power across Cumbria and Lancashire.
- About 40 schools in Cumbria were closed
- appointments and routine business across NHS hospitals were cancelled
- 2 deaths
13
Q
UK flooding 2015/16 - responses
A
- government emergency response: 200 military personnel, 50 high-volume pumps, temporary defences
- £400,000 donated by public in 48hrs
- 5,000 businesses and households given council tax and business rate relief
14
Q
Murray-Darling basin - location
A
- South-East Australia
- across 4 states
- Near major cities Brisbane, Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne, and has mouth in Adelaide
- combined river length of 3,780km
15
Q
Importance of the Murray-Darling Basin
A
- Approx 40% of Australian farm production originates from basin, this area called Australia’s food basket
- Provides more than 3million people with drinking water and 10% of Australia’s population live along it
16
Q
Stakeholders competing over water in Murray Darling basin
A
- farming
- industry
- habitat for endangered species
- cultural uses for indigenous groups
- government
17
Q
Impacts of extraction in the Murray Darling Basin
A
- Total flow at the Murray mouth has been reduced by 61% because of over abstraction from both groundwater and surface water
- lower Murray now experiences drought every year
- In periods of drought up to 90% of Adelaide rely on the Murray river
- increased salinity
18
Q
Murray Darling Basin Plan
A
- basin plan commenced in November 2012
- plan aimed to reduce amount of water which was being taken from the basin to ensure sufficient water for all users
- government pay for schemes (e.g. agricultural practices) that use less water
19
Q
Impacts of the Murray Darling basin plan
A
- 2100 job losses
- 9% contraction in the local economy
- loss of water irrigator jobs
- damage to communities
- regional governments have differing opinions
20
Q
Key features of China’s 3 Gorges Dam (5)
A
- hydroelectric dam on the Yangtze River
- In terms of the amount of electricity it generates, it’s the world’s largest power station.
- cost $30 billion. However, it should only take about 10 years to fully recover the costs.
- The power generate is equivalent to burning 25 million tons of crude oil
- Over 100 towns and settlements and over 1,000 archaeological and historic sites were submerged when the dam was built
21
Q
Benefits of China’s 3 Gorges Dam (3)
A
- Power generation for the middle, eastern and southern China, benefits industry and emerging middle class
- Controls water levels – will avoid frequent floods, which cause problems around the Jinjiang river.
- Tourism – To see the Yangtze river where a calm lake makes scenic spots which were originally hard to enter are now reachable
22
Q
drawbacks of China’s 3 Gorges Dam (5)
A
- more than 1.1 million people must be resettled.
- every year about 265 million gallons of raw sewage are deposited in the Yangtze River. Sewage will collect in the reservoir, which increases the risk for waterborne diseases
- dam built near many geological fault lines. About 360 million people live within the watershed of the Yangtze River.
- endangering 57 plant species, 25 fish species.
- Landslides may increase.
23
Q
Key features of China’s South- North water transfer (3)
A
- The Chinese government is building a $62 billion South-North Water Transfer Project.
- project would divert 44.8bn cubic meters of water per year from the Yangtze River in Southern China to the Yellow River Basin in arid Northern China.
- An estimated 330,000 people were recently relocated for the expansion of the Danjiangkou reservoir.
24
Q
Benefits of China’s South-North water transfer (3)
A
- The project saves China from a water crisis that could set its development back years.
- Will distribute water fairly to the North of China.
- Vital for economic development and water supply to Beijing and other areas.
25
Drawbacks of China's South-North water transfer (2)
* could exacerbate water pollution problems. Pollution from factories along the Eastern Route may render the water unfit to drink.
* About 345,000 villagers have been displaced by the project to date. Many farming communities displaced.
26
What are the Berlin Rules?
- rules approved by the International Law Association in 2004
- outline laws relating to freshwater resources, whether internal or transboundary
- they replace the 1966 Helsinki Rules
- 9 water management principles
27
Berlin Rules - 9 water management principles
1. Participatory water management - public have right to be involved in decision making
2. coordinated use - resources must be managed to maximise availability and reliability of supplies
3. Integrated management - all components of basin must be considered
4. Sustainability
5. Minimisation of environmental harm
6. Cooperation over shared resources
7. Equitable utilisation of shared water resources
8. Avoidance of transboundary harm
9. Equitable participation
28
Why was the river Kissimmee channelised?
- river in florida
* Severe flooding on the river in 1940’s meant that this river was channelized to stop this and ease navigation
* Between 1962 and 1971 the river was replaced with a 90km channel and renamed C 38
* water entering the basin was controlled by storage lakes
29
Impacts of the river Kissimmee being channelised
- Less recharge in Miami’s groundwater aquifers
- Salinisation of water supplies
- Less water flow – was 0.42 m per second, now 0.05 m per second
- 92% loss in birds
- Eutrophication from nutrients - happened further down stream
30
Restoration of the river Kissimmee
- 1975 Kissimmee River restoration act passed – work started in 1999, completed in 2012.
- 11,000 hectares restored to wetland
- Levees have been removed and meanders restored
- Some parts of the canal remain to protect settlements
- Trying to allow the river to return to seasonal flow, but progress is slow
31
Nile Basin description
- world's largest river.
- basin covers 10% of African continent.
- 11 countries compete for Nile water
- modest discharge of 84 billion cubic metres a year
- Susceptible to varying discharge from high evaporation rates and seasonal changes in rainfall.
- 300 million live on the delta, expected to double to 600 million by 2030.
32
Reasons for conflict in the Nile basin
- Egypt reliant on the Nile for 95% of water needs.
- Many of the 11 countries have economic water scarcity issues.
- Growing demands and climate change mean 7 out of 11 potentially water-scarce by 2025.
- Water scarcity will impact food security.
33
Historical water treaties in the Nile Basin
- 1902 treaty between Great Britain and Ethiopia, which prevents Ethiopia from carrying out any project on the Nile that would affect Egypt’s water interests.
- similar treaty in 1929 between Great Britain on behalf of Sudan and Egypt
- 1929: Nile Waters Agreement signed, giving 48 million cubic metres to Egypt and 4 billion to Sudan, only 14% going to other African countries. Egypt was given the right to veto use of water in other nine nations.
- 1959: second Nile Waters Agreement signed, giving 55.5 billion cubic metres to Egypt and 18.5 billion to Sudan, the rest of the water was lost in evaporation. Signed by colonial powers on behalf of upstream nations, though Ethiopia refused to recognise its legitimacy.
34
Challenges facing the Nile basin
- 10% of current basin facing water scarcity
- estimated to be 35% by 2040 (80 million people)
- could be 45% if conditions are hot and dry (110 million people)
35
GERD description
- Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
- first produced electricity on 20 February 2022
- hydroelectric dam
- ethiopia paid for dam through taxes and bonds
36
Benefits of GERD
- can provide HEP for 234million people (Ethiopia population is 109 million)
- dam will benefit ethiopia's agriculture and allow it to become energy supplier
37
Costs of GERD
- reduced river flow downstream for Sudan and egypt, affecting water security, agriculture, economy
- land has to be flooded for dam so 20,000 people displaced
- with 85% of the river emerging from the Ethiopian highlands, Egypt is concerned its rival has the capability to control the flow of the river
38
Describe the Ogallala Aquifer water recycling
- located in Nebraska USA
- Reuses water
- 100% grey water recycled in 2016
- Measure daily evapotranspiration rates and post them so farmers can adjust irrigation rates
- Grow wheat and crops that do not need a lot of water
- wireless infrared sensors - measure crop temperature and turn on automatically
- Main issue is that the government gives higher subsidies for crop fields rather than grassland fields, this would need to change
