2.2 Diverse places Flashcards
What does the demographic transition model suggest?
- Populations are expected to fall and rise ‘naturally’ due to increasing development.
- Populations will grow if the birth rate (number of babies born per 1000 people) increases and the death rate (number of deaths per 1000 people) decreases
Describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model (6)
- high birth and death rates
- total population tends to be quite low and there isn’t much change in population size.
- country tends to be poorly developed, so has little wealth to spend on services such as health education.
- Most employment is in primary industries which can be intensive labour work and low income.
- Birth rates are high due to factors such as a lack of access to contraception, religious beliefs, lack of education etc.
- Death rates are high for various reasons including lack of safe drinking water and sanitation, malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare
Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model (5)
- Death rate begins to decrease while birth rate stays high this means that the population size starts to increase.
- the country often becomes more developed meaning it has more money spent on hospitals and doctors, which has a huge effect on reducing the death rate.
- Epidemics and disease are better understood, with households developing basic knowledge of sanitation and transmission of diseases.
- Improvements in farming and mining practices will reduce injuries and fatalities in the workplace.
- As development increases, secondary industry will also develop, which can offer higher-paid, more secure jobs so income is more consistent and often standards of living improve
Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model (4)
- Death rate continues to decrease while birth rates decrease which means the population expands less rapidly.
- Often women have more rights and therefore have more education and improved access to contraception and family-planning advice.
- A focus on career may mean women start having children later and they also have fewer children.
- A move away from the primary industry means most families don’t need so many children to work on the land.
Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model (3)
- Birth rate and death rates are much lower and have plateaued.
- Despite this, population continues to increase for MEDCs as migrants from other countries are attracted to employment opportunities and the better quality of life provided.
- If controlled, migration can fill skills gaps and keep services and industries growing
How accurate is the demographic transition model?
- it suggests that there is a correlation between the development of a country and its birth and death rates and any changes to these rates are gradual.
- There are a few exceptions, such as the UAE, whose sudden population growth is predominantly due to economic migration.
- the model doesn’t consider countries whose development worsens; countries devastated by conflict or natural disaster. (e.g. Syria conflict, Haiti earthquake)
Describe the UK’s population structure (6)
● The population of the UK is unevenly distributed because of the condition of the land in the area.
● 84% of the population line in England, which has low-lying hospitable land.
● Dense population in major cities and concentrated along the south coast.
● Lowest population density in rural areas.
● Rapid growth in areas of economic development (London and the South-East.)
● Declining populations at Scottish coast and Cumbria from lack of employment opportunities and counter-urbanisation from deindustrialised cities like Bradford
Reasons for an increase in the UK birth rate in the last century (2)
- Population Growth - As the population increases, the number of child-bearing people increases and so the rate of population growth increases.
- Government Policy - (Maternity/Paternity leave)
Reasons for a decline in UK birth rates in last decade (4)
- The use of contraception, is more widespread
- Religion - Britain is tending to become less religious with more people identifying as atheists or becoming less strict than the previous generations. This means they can use contraception, get married later and feel less pressured to have children by their religion.
- Increasing financial cost of raising a child mean some families are choosing to have fewer children.
- Advancement of women - more women wish to pursue a career and so postpone having children.
Reasons for a fall in UK death rates (3)
- Advancement in medicine - Many diseases have been eradicated, and access to healthcare has improved
- Immunisation to disease - many diseases have been eradicated, with minimal cases of Polio, Measles and Rubella.
- Clean water and sanitation - 96% of UK households are connected to the main sewage system and 100% have access to clean water, hence reducing the risk of water-borne diseases
How can western lifestyles reduce life expectancy? (2)
- Smoking and Alcohol consumption, which leads to lung and liver cancer.
- Unbalanced diet, which can lead to obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. The diet (heavy in carbohydrates and sugar) is unsuitable for the office jobs they do.
Reasons for an increase in inward international migration to the UK since WWII (4)
- Political alliances, especially with Commonwealth countries.
- Lower price of long-distance travel
- War and conflict
- Increased employment opportunities in foreign countries
Changes to the UK population in the 1960s (4)
● Large-scale housing construction, providing the working class with new houses. Some social housing is built, but often as tower blocks, which increased the crime rates, reduced quality of life in social housing.
● Inward international migration from Pakistan and India.
● The development of transporting people (development of the jet aircraft) and goods (containerisation) in the 1950s accelerates the movement of people and goods
● Commonwealth Act of 1962 - Restricts the flow of Commonwealth migrants to those with skills, encouraging economic migration.
Changes to the UK in the 1970s (3)
● Decline in secondary industry in cities such as Liverpool and Birmingham. An increase in unemployment and poor city living conditions encouraged migration away from major city hubs.
● Docks became unnecessary, with improving plane transportation, therefore large-scale dereliction in docks such as London, Liverpool and Salford.
● Inward international migration from Vietnam, Bangladesh and Chile (following a military coup).
Changes to the UK population in the 1980s (4)
● Economic recession continues to cause unemployment and deindustrialisation in many towns and cities, which discourages some international migrants.
● UK Government begins to offer tax incentives and SEZs to try to encourage FDI and TNCs establishing offices or manufacturing within the UK.
● First basic internet developed. Over time, this will lead to the development of online banking (1984), allowing capital and financial transactions to transfer around the world quickly.
● Inward international migration from China, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Somalia and Australia.
Changes to the UK in the 1990s (4)
● Growth in the UK population is mainly due to net migration.
● Conflict in The Congo, Balklans, Yemen and Kosovo encourages international migration to the UK. The collapse of the Soviet Union also encourages migration to the UK, as migrants wish to improve their quality of life.
● 1994 - The first smartphone is developed.
● The NHS begins recruiting overseas, trying to use migrants to fill their skills gaps
Changes to the UK population in the 2000s (6)
● The Race Relations Amendment Act aimed to reduce racial tensions and reduce discrimination by the Police and Government.
● Suburbanisation accelerates, creating new towns for highly-paid migrants to move into, offering them a more rural lifestyle whilst maintaining their job in the city nearby.
● EU Freedom of Movement - Increased migrants from the UK due to reduced limitations
● Increase in the creation of religious secondary and primary schools
● Development of social media allows personal and business connections across the world.
● Expansion of the EU to include previously Soviet states increases the number of Polish, Slovakian and Lithuanian migrants.
Changes to the UK in the 2010s (3)
● London’s reputation continues to develop and attract new migrants by developing as a multicultural city, shown through the clustering of different cultures and ethnicities.
● Conflict in Syria pushes asylum seekers into the UK.
● Brexit causes uncertainty in migration and population patterns: increased outward migration of some British wishing to live in Spain and France, uncertainty for existing Commonwealth and International migrants (Windrush Generation) and the closure of some TNCs manufacturing plants
What is the rural urban continuum?
- The rural-urban continuum is the merging of town and village
- Population density as well as the characteristics of the built environment suggests the changes in stages of the rural-urban continuum
Stages of the rural urban continuum (6)
- Urban core (CBD)
- Suburbs/ urban sprawl
- Commuter settlements/ expanded towns
- suburbanised villages/ market towns
- rural villages and farming areas
- remote rural tourism and second home ownership
Describe the Burgess model of a city structure
- Burgess’ Model shows the city as bands moving outward from a central business district (CBD).
- The next band out from the CBD is often industrial, followed by working class housing.
- The other residential bands are often middle-class housing and commuter areas. Here, the houses become bigger and more spaced out as you move away from the centre into the suburbs.
- Typically, the class of the population increases the further suburban you go, and so the type and size of housing, income and quality of life will improve too.
Describe Hoyt’s model of a city structure
- Hoyt’s Model has industry travelling outwards in sectors
- these often run parallel to transport routes
- The working class housing tends to be close to the industrial areas.
Define place character
- Place character relates to the specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique.
- Place character is affected by endogenous and exogenous factors
Define endogenous factors
Those which originate from within the place and are local
