What is Asymmetric encryption?

An encryption technique where a public key available to everyone is used to encrypt the data and the data is decrypted by the paired private key known only by the recipient

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What is dictionary coding?

A type of lossless compression where text is searched for in entries that match the entries in a dictionary. Entries are substituted by a unique code which can then be translated

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What is hashing?

A one-way transformation of data into an abbreviated form called a hash value. The hash value is used to validate login credentials like passwords or pins without revealing the original data to hackers

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What is lossless compression?

A compression algorithm that retains all the data in the file by only storing the instructions needed to reconstruct the original file. No data is lost

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What is lossy compression?

A compression algorithm that removes non-essential data from a file leading to a noticeable decrease in accuracy of data. Data is lost and non-recoverable

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What is run-length encoding?

A type of lossless compression where repeated occurrences of the same data (like several pixels of the same colour in an image) are stored as single data values with their counts.

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What is symmetric encryption?

An encryption technique where the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt data. A copy of the key must be transferred between both parties

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What is atomicity?

All transactions should either succeed or fail and never only be partially processed

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What is consistency?

Each transaction must obey the defined validations rules of the database to maintain referential integrity

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What is durability?

Once a transaction has begun, it must be completed under all circumstances not lost under power loss.
guarantees that once the transaction completes and changes are written to the database, they are persisted. This ensures that data within the system will persist even in the case of system failures like crashes or power outages.

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What is entity-relationship modelling?

A method of abstractly describing the data tables and the relationship between them visually. They can be used to reduce redundancy and construct a relational database

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1NF

A table with no repeating attributes. The intersection of each record and attribute produces exactly one value

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Flat file database?

A database where a single table data structure is used to store all of the data

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Foreign key

A linking attribute that joins two table in a relational database by being a primary key in one and a foreign key in another

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What is indexing?

The process of creating an index of primary keys such that the location of any record can be retrieved given its primary key

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What is isolation?

No transaction should overwrite other transactions that are simultaneously occurring. The same results must be obtained if transactions are concurrently or sequentially processed

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What is normalisation

The formal process of optimally designing data tables by reducing data redundancy and repetition by converting them into normal forms

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What is a primary key?

A unique identifier that identifies each RECORD in a table

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What is record locking?

A technique used to prevent simultaneous access to data in a database by locking a record when it is being edited or updated. Otherwise inconsistencies may arise in the database

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What is redundancy?

The unnecessary repetition of a field in multiple tables. Databases should have redundancy in the form of identical copies if part of the database gets lost and needs to be recovered

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What is referential integrity

The idea of keeping a database consistent by ensuring that any changes made to data or relationships associated with a table are accounted for in all the linked tables

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What is a relational database?

A database where separate tables are made for each entity and relationships between entities are represented by foreign keys

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What is a secondary key?

A key that can be used as an alternative index to access or sort records in the table in a quicker but less accurate way

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2NF

1NF needs to be completed and a table that has data that repeats across multiple records removed and put into a new table with appropriate relationships ( no partial dependencies)

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3NF

2NF needs to be completed where all attributes that are not the primary key are fully dependant on the primary key (no non-key dependencies)

What is transaction processing?

The idea of making sure that any logical operation or change in state of a database (transaction) conforms to ACID

What is ACID

Atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability

What is circuit switching?

A method for sending data between two nodes on a networks by creating a dedicated communication channel first. All data follows this path for the duration of communication.

What is a client-server network?

A type of network organisation where networked computers (clients) connect to one or more powerful central computers (servers) that handles service requests and has resources.

What is a domain name system?

A hierarchical naming system that maps human-readable domain names to IP addresses that locate and identify resources on a network

What is encryption?

The process of converting the original data (plaintext) into a form which cannot be understood by unauthorised users (cipher text) using an encryption algorithm

What are firewalls?

A security checkpoint application that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic, designed to prevent external users from gaining unauthorised access between two networks

Local area networks

A network connecting a group of computing devices on a single geographical site

Packet switching

A method for sending data over a network by breaking data into several data packets which are sent independently and then reassembled once they all reach their destination

Peer to peer network

A type of network organisation where networked computers are connected to each other and share resources and workloads without a central server

Protocol layering

A technique the simplifies network design by dividing it into its functional layers and assigning protocols to each layer to complete tasks and communicate with adjacent layers

What are proxies?

A server application that intercepts all data packets entering and leaving a network to hide the true addresses of the source. Also restrict access to data and isolate the network from external networks

TCP/IP stack

Networking protocols that allow networked computers to communicate consisting of 4 connected layers. All incoming packets are passed through these layers

Wide area networks

A network connecting a group of computing devices over a large geographical area typically with the help of third party carriers

What does CSS stand for?

Cascading style sheets

CSS

A style language used to define the layout, design and presentation of a webpage written in a markup language

What is client-side processing

The data processing and operations performed by the clienton the clkienbts local computer

What resources are used for client-side processing

The user's local computer resources

What does HTML stand for?

HyperText Markup Language

HTML

A mark-up language used to write the contents of the webpages on the world wide web

What is JavaScript?

A interpreted, object oriented programming language used to create interactive elements within web browsers

Why is JavaScript used?

To add functionality to dynamic web pages

PageRank algorithm

A link analysis algorithm to rank web pages. Assesses number and quality of inbounded links to a page recalculates pagerank scores each time it crawls the web and rebuilds its index

Search engine indexing

A method of collecting, parsing and storing data from websites to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval using an index of webpages

Server side processing

The data processing and operations performed by the web server. Data sent from the clients browser to the web server for secure processing, output is sent back to client

AAAAAABBBBBCCC in RLE

A6B5C3

What also has to be stored when using dictionary compression

The dictionary created

What is the process of the sender and receiver sharing the same private key in symmetric encryption?

Key exchange

What is the key used for in symmetric encryption?

Encrypting and decrypting the data

Why does the private key have to be kept secret in symmetric encryption?

As if the key is intercepted then any communications sent can be intercepted and decrypted using the key

How many keys are used for asymmetric encryption?

two

What are the two keys used in asymmetric encryption?

Public and private key, private key has to be kept secret

What are the two keys together called in asymmetric encryption and what type of relation do they have

key pair and they are mathematically related

What are messaged encrypted and decrypted with in asymmetric encryption?

The recipients public key and decrypted with the recipients private key which only the recipient should have

What happens if someone wants to send you a message?

they must first find your public key. There are a variety of websites which can do this for you. The message is then encrypted with your public key meaning that only you can decrypt it

How can you prove a message has been sent by you?

you can encrypt it using your private key. This means that anyone can decrypt it (as your public key is available to anyone) and by doing so, can guarantee that you encrypted the message, as only you have access to the private key. This forms the basis of a system called digital signatures.

What is the process of hashing?

an input (called a key) is turned into a fixed size value (called a hash). There are a vast number of algorithms, called hash functions, which do this

Describe a picture of hashing

Difference between encryption and hashing

Unlike encryption, the output of a hash function can’t be reversed to form the key. This quality makes hashing useful for storing passwords.

Why is hashing good for passwords?

A password entered by a user can be hashed and checked against the key to see if it is correct, but a successful hacker would only gain access to the keys, which can’t be reversed to gain the passwords.

What is another use of hashing?

Hash tables

What are hash tables

data structure which holds key-value pairs. Formed from a bucket array and a hash function, hash tables can be used to lookup data in an array in constant time.

What happens when data needs to be inserted into a hash table

When data needs to be inserted, it is used as the key for the hash function and stored in the bucket corresponding to the hash.

Where are hash tables used

in situations where a lot of data needs to be stored with constant access times. For example, in caches and databases.

What happens if two keys produce the same hash?

a collision is said to have occurred

How do you overcome hashing collisions

including storing items together in a list under the hash value, or using a second hash function to generate a new hash.

What should a good hash function have

low chance of collision and should be quick to calculate. A hash function should provide an output which is smaller than the input it was provided, otherwise searching for the hash could take longer than simply searching for the key

What is an entity?

item of interest about which information is stored

What is a relational database in link to entities?

database which recognises the differences between entities by creating different tables for each entity

What are attributes?

Attributes are characteristics of the entity; these are categories about which data is collected.

What do primary keys uniquely identify?

Each record

What needs to be set up for secondary keys

Secondary index

Why is the primary key often not queried?

It is not normally remembered

What is another way data is inputted into databases apart from manually when surveys are done

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). All of the details excluding the amount are printed in a special magnetic ink which can be recognised by a computer but the amount must be entered manually

How is data from multiple choice questions entered into databases

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

What do other forms use to input data into databases

Other forms use Optical Character Recognition (OCR).

One way of exchanging data

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). This doesn’t require human interaction and enables data transfer from one computer to another

What process is referential integrity?

Ensuring consistency

What does ensuring consistency ensure

information is not removed if it is required elsewhere in a linked database. If two database tables are linked, one of these tables cannot be deleted as the other table requires its contents.

What is record locking?

The process of preventing simultaneous access to records in a database is called record locking

Why is record locking used?

to prevent inconsistencies or a loss of updates. While one person is editing a record, this ‘locks’ the record so prevents others from accessing the same record

What is the biggest issue of record locking?

Deadlock

What is deadlock?

What is redundancy?

Redundancy is the process of having one or more copies of the data in physically different locations. This means that if there is any damage to one copy the others will remain unaffected and can be recovered.

What is physical topology?

the physical layout of the wires and components which form the network. Examples include bus, star and mesh.

What is logical topology?

the layout which shows how data flows

Bus topology diagram and explanation?

Advantages of bus topology?

● Relatively inexpensive to set up ● Doesn’t require any additional hardware

Disadvantages of bus topology

● If backbone cable fails, the entire network gets disconnected ● As traffic increases, performance decreases ● All computers can see the data transmission

Explanation of a star topology?

Star topologies use a central node, often a switch, to direct data through the network. MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, which are unique to a device, are used to identify each device on the network

Diagram of a star topology

Advantages of star topology

● Performance is consistent even with heavy network traffic ● If one cable fails, only that single terminal is affected ● Transmits data faster, giving better performance than bus topology ● Easy to add new stations. ● No data collisions

Disadvantages of star topology

● Expensive due to switch and cabling ● If the central switch fails, the rest of the network fails

Explain mesh topology

In a mesh topology, every node is connected to every other node. Mesh topologies are most commonly found with wireless technology such as Wi-Fi.

Diagram of mesh topology

Advantages of mesh topology

● If using a wireless network, there is no cabling cost ● As the number of nodes increase, the reliability and speed of network becomes better ● Nodes are automatically incorporated ● Nodes don’t go through a central switch, improving speed

Disadvantages of mesh topology

● If using a wireless network, devices with wireless capability (which increases cost) must be purchased ● If using a wired network, a large quantity of cable is required compared to other network topologies like bus and star. This is expensive. ● Maintaining the network is difficult

What is a protocol

set of rules defining how two computers communicate with each other. Protocols are standard so that all devices have a designated method of communicating with each other, regardless of manufacturer.

HTTP

(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – Used for sending and receive access to web page information. version, HTTPS (Secure), is becoming more common

TCP/IP

(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) – This is a networking protocol used in the routing of packets through networks

POP3

(Post Office Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) – Mailing protocols, used for email access

FTP

(File Transfer Protocol) – Used for the transmission of files over networks.

How are continents connected together?

large international backbone cables. Many of these pass underwater, linking continents to one another.

4 layers of the TCP/IP stack

Application layer Transport layer Network layer Link layer

Application layer

The application layer is based at the top of the stack. It specifies what protocol needs to be used in order to relate the application that’s being sent.

Protocols used in application layer

HTTP, POP3, FTP

Transport layer

The transport layer uses TCP to establish an end-to-end connection between the source and recipient computer. The transport layer splits data up into packets and labels these packets with their packet number, the total number of packets the original data was split up into and the port number being used for communication

What happens in the transport layer if any packets get lost?

the transport layer requests retransmissions of these lost packets

Network layer

○ The network layer adds the source and destination IP addresses. (The combination of the IP address and the port number is called a socket address.) ○ Routers operate on the network layer and the router is what uses the IP addresses to forward the packets.

What are the sockets used to do in the network layer?

The sockets are then used to specify which device the packets must be sent to and the application being used on that device.

Link layer

The link layer is the connection between the network devices, it adds the MAC address identifying the Network Interface Cards of the source and destination computers. ○ For devices on the same network, the destination MAC address is the address of the recipient computer, otherwise, it will be the MAC address of the router.

Diagram of stacks

What are the different sections of a packet?

Header, payload and trailer

Header

Sender and recipients IP address Protocols needed Order of packets Time to live

What is TTL (Time to live)

The time to live (TTL) tells the packet when to expire so that it does not travel forever

Payload

Raw data to be transmitted

Trailer

Checksum, or cyclic redundancy check The trailer contains a code used to detect whether any errors have occurred during transmission

What is packet switching?

packets are sent across the most efficient route, which can vary for each packet.

Advantages of packet switching

Packets can be transferred over very large networks, multiple routes can be used so if one breaks another can be used and there are multiple methods to ensure data is intact

Disadvantages of packet switching

Time is spent deconstructing and reconstructing the data packets Must wait for all packets to arrive before data can be received.

What is circuit switching

a direct link is created between two devices. This direct link is maintained for the duration of the entire conversation between devices

What does circuit switching require

Circuit switching requires the two devices to transfer and receive data at the same rate

Advantages of circuit switching

Data arrives in a logical order which results in a quicker reconstruction of the data Enables two users to hold a call without delay in speech

Disadvantages of circuit switching

Bandwidth is wasted when no data is being sent, devices must send and receive data at same rate and Using switches means electrical interference may be produced which can corrupt or destroy data

What does circuit switching tie up?

Ties up sections of the network which cannot be used by others data until transmission has been completed

What does a firewall consist of?

two network interface cards (NICs) between the user and the Internet

How do firewalls work?

firewall passes the packets between these two NICs and compares them against a set of rules set by the firewall software. The preconfigured rules are called packet filters

What happens when access is denied by a firewall

The packet can either be dropped or rejected. A rejected packet sends an alert to the sender to notify them of the error whereas a dropped packet will not.

What limits network access?

Packet filtering/ static filtering

How does packet/static filtering work

s in accordance with administrator rules and policies. It works by examining the source IP, destination IP and the protocols being used as well as the ports being requested

What does a proxy do

Collects and sends data on behalf of the user

Uses of proxies

The privacy of the user is protected and they remain anonymous - The proxy server can cache frequently used website data making it faster to load - Proxies can reduce overall web traffic - Can be used by administrators to prevent access to sensitive or irrelevant information at work or at school

What does an NIC do

Allows a device to connect to a network

How does a NIC work

assigns a unique media access control (MAC) address to each device. The MAC address is a 48-bit value coded into the device and is usually written as a twelve digit hexadecimal number

What is a switch

A switch is a device used to direct the flow of data across a network. Switches are most commonly used in networks using a star topology.

Wireless access point (WAP)

This is a device which allows a device to connect to a network. It is more commonly combined with a router to enable internet access. These are used in mesh networks

Routers

A router is used to connect two or more networks together. Routers allow private, home networks to connect to the Internet.

When is a gateway used

When protocols are not the same between networks

What does a gateway do

It translates the protocols so that networks can communicate with each other. Gateways work by removing the header from packets before adding the data to packets using the new protocol.

What does a client server consist of?

Terminals that are known as clients connected to a server which is a powerful, central computer

What does the terminal do in a client server

Holds all of the resources and important information that the clients can request

Advantages of a client server

More secure as data is stored in one location ● Central backups are carried out so there is no need for individual backups ● Data and resources can be shared between clients

Disadvantages of a client server

Relatively expensive to set up ● Functionality of terminals depends on the server; if this fails, performance falls ● Trained staff are required to maintain the server

Peer to peer

computers are connected to each other so that they can share files. Each device effectively acts as both a server and client, as it can both provide and request resources

Where are peer to peer networks used

. Peer-to-peer networks are used in piracy, since it’s almost impossible to trace the origin of files.

Advantages of a peer to peer network

Cheaper to set up ● Allows users to share resources ● Easy to maintain ● Not dependent on a central server ● Specialist staff are not required

Disadvantages of a peer to peer network

Impossible to trace the origin of files ● Backups must be performed separately ● Poorer security ● May be difficult to locate resources

What is HTML used to do

Write webpages

What does HTML allow a browser to do?

Interpret and render a webpage by describing the structure and order

Tags for heading styles in decreasing styles

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Tag for the title

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class='answer-content'> <link> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":159,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386643},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386643'> <div class='header'> 159 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Tag for the main content area </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <body> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":160,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386644},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386644'> <div class='header'> 160 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> main tag that everything is inside of </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <html> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":161,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386645},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386645'> <div class='header'> 161 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Tag for paragraph </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <p> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":162,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386646},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386646'> <div class='header'> 162 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Tag for images </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <img> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":163,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386647},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386647'> <div class='header'> 163 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is special about the tag for images </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> It is self closing </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":164,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386649},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386649'> <div class='header'> 164 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Tag for hyper link </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <a href="xxx"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":165,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386650},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386650'> <div class='header'> 165 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Tag for ordered list and how to use it </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <ol> <li> Computer Science </li> <li> Maths </li> <li> Physics </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":166,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386651},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386651'> <div class='header'> 166 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Tag for unordered list and how to use it </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <ul> <li> Computer Science </li> <li> Maths </li> <li> Physics </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":167,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386652},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386652'> <div class='header'> 167 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Tag for division </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <div id= “page”> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":168,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386653},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386653'> <div class='header'> 168 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What else do you have to do for image tab </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <img src=“Header-Physics-Maths-Tutor.png” width=“1000” height=“100”> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":169,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386654},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386654'> <div class='header'> 169 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What does CSS stand for? </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Cascading style sheets </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":170,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386656},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386656'> <div class='header'> 170 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is CSS used for </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> a language which is used to describe the style of a webpage </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":171,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386657},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386657'> <div class='header'> 171 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Two forms of CSS </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> internal/embedded CSS or external CSS </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":172,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386659},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386659'> <div class='header'> 172 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is internal/embedded CSS </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Internal/embedded CSS is placed inside the style tags and is entered directly into the HTML document. </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":173,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386660},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386660'> <div class='header'> 173 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> External CSS </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Meanwhile external CSS is written in a separate document and a link to this style sheet is added to the HTML document. </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":174,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386661},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386661'> <div class='header'> 174 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What link is added whenever an external style sheet is used </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> <link href= “nameofstylesheet.css” rel= “stylesheet” type= “text/css”> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":175,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386662},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386662'> <div class='header'> 175 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is JavaScript </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> JavaScript is a scripting language which primarily exists to add interactivity to websites </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":176,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386663},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386663'> <div class='header'> 176 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Is JavaScript interpreted of compiled? </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Interpreted </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":177,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386664},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386664'> <div class='header'> 177 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is JavaScript often used to do </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> validate input data on the client computer </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":178,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386665},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386665'> <div class='header'> 178 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Advantages of JavaScript </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Local computer can deal with invalid data before it is sent off to the servers, - Eases the load on busy servers - Reduces web traffic </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":179,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386666},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386666'> <div class='header'> 179 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is a search engine </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> A search engine is a program that searches through a database of internet addresses looking for resources based on criteria set by the client </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":180,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386668},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386668'> <div class='header'> 180 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Why is the order in which web resources are displayed important </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> as it determines which websites users choose to visit and use. Therefore it is important that search engines display the most high-quality websites with relevant content at the top of the page </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":181,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386670},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386670'> <div class='header'> 181 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What do search engines rely on </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Search engines rely on an index of web pages. Web crawlers, occasionally termed spiders </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":182,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386671},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386671'> <div class='header'> 182 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What are web crawlers used to do </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> to collect information about websites to build this index </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":183,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386672},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386672'> <div class='header'> 183 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> How do web crawlers work </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> by traversing the Internet, web page by web page using links on websites. The web crawlers collect keywords and phrases from the linked web pages and add this information to the indexW </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":184,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386674},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386674'> <div class='header'> 184 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What do web crawlers also do </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> collect and add meta data from websites, which is the information specified by the website owner </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":185,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386675},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386675'> <div class='header'> 185 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What does the pageRank algorithm do? </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> The page rank algorithm ranks web pages, determining the order in which web pages are displayed when a search is conducted. Higher ranked pages will show up first. </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":186,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386676},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386676'> <div class='header'> 186 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What are the two factors which determine the page rank of a page </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> How many incoming links it has from other web pages The page rank of the web pages that link to it </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":187,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386678},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386678'> <div class='header'> 187 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What data structure is used to display the information in a pageRanking Algorithmn </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Directed graph </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":188,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386679},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386679'> <div class='header'> 188 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Why is server side processing useful </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Does not require plugins ● Can perform large calculations much faster than clients ● Not browser dependent, ● More secure </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":189,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386680},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386680'> <div class='header'> 189 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is client side processing </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Client side processing is when a client processes the data on a local device. This means that all of the information is processed on the client computer </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":190,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386681},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386681'> <div class='header'> 190 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What does client side processing use </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Javascript </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":191,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386682},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386682'> <div class='header'> 191 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Why us client side processing useful </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Webpage can immediately respond to user actions ● Executes quickly ● Gives developers more control over the behaviour and look of the website </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":192,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386683},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386683'> <div class='header'> 192 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is a hub </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> A hub is a hardware device that connects multiple devices in a network. All traffic has to pass through the hub </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":193,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386684},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386684'> <div class='header'> 193 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Hub v switch </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> Hub broadcasts to all devices and swithc uses mac adress and only does it to intended recipients </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":194,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386685},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386685'> <div class='header'> 194 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> Is it internet or network layer </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> INTERNET LAYER </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":195,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386686},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386686'> <div class='header'> 195 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is a repeater </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> a device used in computer networks to regenerate and amplify signals as they pass through the network </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":196,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386687},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386687'> <div class='header'> 196 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> What is an entity? </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> An object about what data is captured </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcard-row thin-card is-blurrable' data='{"aSoundUrl":null,"cardIsBlurrable":true,"number":197,"qSoundUrl":null,"resources":{"deckId":17902431,"packId":22624965,"cardId":564386688},"returnTo":"/packs/22624965/subscribe"}' id='card-564386688'> <div class='header'> 197 </div> <div class='card-face question'> <div class='question-content'> </div> </div> <div class='card-face answer'> <div class='answer-content'> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='flashcards-sidebar'> <div class='sidebar-header'> <div class='react-component' id='flashcards-search-bar'> <div class='placeholder market-search-bar' id='flashcards-search-bar-placeholder'></div> </div> </div> <div class='sidebar-content'> <p class='deck-subject-heading'> <a class="decks-in-subject-link" href="/packs/computer-science_dest-22624965"><span class="pack-name">Computer Science_DEST</span> (33 decks) </a></p> <ul class='deck-list-items'> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/11-processors-17902420/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.1 Processors</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/11-processors-extra-17902422/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.1 Processors extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/12-software-17902426/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.2 Software</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/12-software-extra-17902429/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.2 Software extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link selected' href='/flashcards/13-exchanging-data-17902431/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.3 Exchanging data</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/13-exchanging-data-extra-17902436/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.3 Exchanging data extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/14-data-types-data-structures-and-algori-17902441/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.4 Data Types, Data Structures and Algorithms</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/14-data-types-data-structures-and-algori-17902444/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.4 Data Types, Data Structures and Algorithms Extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/15-legal-17902445/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>1.5 Legal</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/sql-17902450/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>SQL</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/software-methodoligies-17902452/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Software methodoligies</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/server-side-and-client-side-processing-17902454/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Server side and client side processing</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/psuedocode-html-css-and-javascript-and-n-17902483/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Psuedocode, html, css and javascript and normalisation</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/21-computational-thinking-17902486/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>2.1 Computational thinking</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/21-computational-thinking-extra-17902488/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>2.1 Computational thinking Extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/22-problem-solving-and-programming-17902489/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>2.2 Problem solving and programming</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/22-problem-solving-and-programming-extra-17902493/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>2.2 Problem solving and programming extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/23-algorithms-17902495/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>2.3 Algorithms</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/23-algorithms-extra-17902499/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>2.3 Algorithms extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/big-o-searching-sorting-algorithms-17902501/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Big O/Searching/sorting/algorithms</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/extra-general-17902505/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Extra general</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/extra-paper-1-17902510/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Extra paper 1</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/paper-2-extra-17902513/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Paper 2 extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/programming-paradigms-17902518/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Programming paradigms</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/recursion-17902519/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Recursion</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/miscellaneous-17902522/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Miscellaneous</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/extraaaa-17902524/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>extRAAAA</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/xtra-1-17902527/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>XTRA 1</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/xtra-2-17902531/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>XTRA 2</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/extra-17902534/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Extra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/errors-17902537/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>errors</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/extra-extra-exra-17902539/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>extra extra exra</li> </a> <a class='deck-link ' href='/flashcards/extra-paper-2-17902542/packs/22624965'> <li class='deck-list-item'>Extra paper 2</li> </a> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div 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document.addEventListener("mainSharedready", () => { GaHelper.setGaDimension("dimension1","No"); }); </script> <script type='application/ld+json'> {"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Quiz","about":{"@type":"Thing","name":"1.3 Exchanging data"},"hasPart":[{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is Asymmetric encryption?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"An encryption technique where a public key available to everyone is used to encrypt the data and the data is decrypted by the paired private key known only by the recipient"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is dictionary coding?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A type of lossless compression where text is searched for in entries that match the entries in a dictionary. Entries are substituted by a unique code which can then be translated"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is hashing?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A one-way transformation of data into an abbreviated form called a hash value. The hash value is used to validate login credentials like passwords or pins without revealing the original data to hackers"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is lossless compression?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A compression algorithm that retains all the data in the file by only storing the instructions needed to reconstruct the original file. 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A copy of the key must be transferred between both parties"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is atomicity?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"All transactions should either succeed or fail and never only be partially processed"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is consistency?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Each transaction must obey the defined validations rules of the database to maintain referential integrity"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is durability?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Once a transaction has begun, it must be completed under all circumstances not lost under power loss. guarantees that once the transaction completes and changes are written to the database, they are persisted. 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Also restrict access to data and isolate the network from external networks"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"TCP/IP stack","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Networking protocols that allow networked computers to communicate consisting of 4 connected layers. All incoming packets are passed through these layers"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Wide area networks","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A network connecting a group of computing devices over a large geographical area typically with the help of third party carriers"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What does CSS stand for?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Cascading style sheets"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"CSS","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A style language used to define the layout, design and presentation of a webpage written in a markup language"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is client-side processing","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The data processing and operations performed by the clienton the clkienbts local computer"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What resources are used for client-side processing","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The user's local computer resources"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What does HTML stand for?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"HyperText Markup Language"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"HTML","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A mark-up language used to write the contents of the webpages on the world wide web"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is JavaScript?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A interpreted, object oriented programming language used to create interactive elements within web browsers"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Why is JavaScript used?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"To add functionality to dynamic web pages"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"PageRank algorithm","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A link analysis algorithm to rank web pages. Assesses number and quality of inbounded links to a page recalculates pagerank scores each time it crawls the web and rebuilds its index"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Search engine indexing","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A method of collecting, parsing and storing data from websites to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval using an index of webpages"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Server side processing","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The data processing and operations performed by the web server. Data sent from the clients browser to the web server for secure processing, output is sent back to client"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"AAAAAABBBBBCCC in RLE","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A6B5C3"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What also has to be stored when using dictionary compression","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The dictionary created"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is the process of the sender and receiver sharing the same private key in symmetric encryption?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Key exchange"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is the key used for in symmetric encryption?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Encrypting and decrypting the data"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Why does the private key have to be kept secret in symmetric encryption?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"As if the key is intercepted then any communications sent can be intercepted and decrypted using the key"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"How many keys are used for asymmetric encryption?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"two"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What are the two keys used in asymmetric encryption?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Public and private key, private key has to be kept secret"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What are the two keys together called in asymmetric encryption and what type of relation do they have","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"key pair and they are mathematically related"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What are messaged encrypted and decrypted with in asymmetric encryption?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"The recipients public key and decrypted with the recipients private key which only the recipient should have"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What happens if someone wants to send you a message?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"they must first find your public key. There are a variety of websites which can do this for you. The message is then encrypted with your public key meaning that only you can decrypt it"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"How can you prove a message has been sent by you?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"you can encrypt it using your private key. This means that anyone can decrypt it (as your public key is available to anyone) and by doing so, can guarantee that you encrypted the message, as only you have access to the private key. This forms the basis of a system called digital signatures."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is the process of hashing?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"an input (called a key) is turned into a fixed size value (called a hash). There are a vast number of algorithms, called hash functions, which do this"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Difference between encryption and hashing","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Unlike encryption, the output of a hash function can’t be reversed to form the key. This quality makes hashing useful for storing passwords."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Why is hashing good for passwords?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"A password entered by a user can be hashed and checked against the key to see if it is correct, but a successful hacker would only gain access to the keys, which can’t be reversed to gain the passwords."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is another use of hashing?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Hash tables"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What are hash tables","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"data structure which holds key-value pairs. Formed from a bucket array and a hash function, hash tables can be used to lookup data in an array in constant time."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What happens when data needs to be inserted into a hash table","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"When data needs to be inserted, it is used as the key for the hash function and stored in the bucket corresponding to the hash."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Where are hash tables used","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"in situations where a lot of data needs to be stored with constant access times. For example, in caches and databases."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What happens if two keys produce the same hash?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"a collision is said to have occurred"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"How do you overcome hashing collisions","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"including storing items together in a list under the hash value, or using a second hash function to generate a new hash."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What should a good hash function have","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"low chance of collision and should be quick to calculate. A hash function should provide an output which is smaller than the input it was provided, otherwise searching for the hash could take longer than simply searching for the key"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is an entity?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"item of interest about which information is stored"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is a relational database in link to entities?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"database which recognises the differences between entities by creating different tables for each entity"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What are attributes?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Attributes are characteristics of the entity; these are categories about which data is collected."}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What do primary keys uniquely identify?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Each record"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What needs to be set up for secondary keys","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Secondary index"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"Why is the primary key often not queried?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"It is not normally remembered"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Question","eduQuestionType":"Flashcard","text":"What is another way data is inputted into databases apart from manually when surveys are done","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). All of the details excluding the amount are printed in a special magnetic ink which can be recognised by a computer but the amount must be entered manually"}}],"educationalAlignment":[{"@type":"AlignmentObject","alignmentType":"educationalSubject","targetName":"1.3 Exchanging data"}]} </script> </body> </html>

1.3 Exchanging data Flashcards

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