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ABDOMEN 4 > 1.3 Malignant Scrotal Pathologies > Flashcards

1.3 Malignant Scrotal Pathologies Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Malignant Testicular tumors often present with (7)

A 
painless
Scrotal enlargement 
Hardness of testicle
Unilateral
hypoechoic 
Increased vascularity
May have hydrocele?
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2
Q

Malignant Tumors most common cause of death in men between age ___ to ___

A

15-34

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3
Q

Malignant tumors arise from?

A

Germ cells

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of germ cell tumors (not L & S)

A

Seminomas and Nonsemionmatous tumors

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF GERM CELL TUMOR?

A

SEMINOMAS

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6
Q

Seminomas often occur in men __ to __ years

A

30-40

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7
Q

What blood work is seen with Seminomas

Increase____ normal_____

A

BETA HCG ; AFP

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8
Q

What are the least aggressive malignant tumors with best prognosis?

A

seminomas

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9
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a seminoma? (5)

A 
Solid
Homogenous
Hypoechoic
Scattered hyperechoic areas (like micro calcs)
pseudocapsule
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10
Q

What is the more aggresssive tumor than seminoma tumors?

A

non seminomatous germ cell tumors

NSGCT

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11
Q

non seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) cause _________ meaning they spread to other organs

A

Visceral Matastases

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12
Q

non seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) Include which tumors?

A 
Embryonal cell carcinoma
Yolk Sac tumor
Coriocarcinoma
Teratoma
Mixed germ cell tumors
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13
Q

What is the 2nd most common type of testicular cancer

remember: seminoma 1st- way more common

A

Embryonal Cell Carcinoma

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14
Q

Embryonal Cell Carcinoma tends to occur in men ___ to ___ years

A

25-35

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15
Q

The most aggressive testicular cancer is ?

A

Embryonal Cell Carcinoma

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16
Q

WHAT BLOOD WORK MAY OR MAY NOT BE ELEVATED IN THESE PATIENTS WITH EMBRYONAL CELL?

A

AFP

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17
Q

what is the most common infantile (< 2yrs) form of embryonal cell carcinoma?

A

yolk sac tumor

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18
Q

What blood work is always elevated with yolk sac tumor?

A

AFP

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19
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of embryonal cell carcinomas (3)

A

Hypoechoic
often mixed echogenicity
more poorly defined then seminoma

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20
Q

What is an uncommon agressive tumor affecting 20 - 30 years of age

A

Coriocarcinoma

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21
Q

Coriocarcinoma has high incidence of ______ involvement

A

pulmonary

may metastasize to lungs

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22
Q

WHAT BLOOD WORK IS ALWAYS ELEVATED IN Coriocarcinoma

Study These Flashcards
A

SERUM BETA HCG

bc of this may cause gynecomastica/scrotal pain

23
Q

Coriocarcinoma sonographically

Study These Flashcards
A

small, mixed echogenicity, irregular boarders

24
Q

Teratoma (rare) occur at low frequency and typically____ in children and ____ in adults

Study These Flashcards
A

Benign; malignant

25
WHAT BLOOD MAYBE ELEVATED IN Teratoma suggesting malignancy?
AFP &; BETA HCG
26
Teratoma Sonographically
Cysitc and Solid components May demonstrate, shadow or enhancement well defined
27
What is the most common Mixed Germ cell Tumor
Teratocarcinoma (teratoma mixed with Embryonal cell)
28
What is the largest malignant tumor?
Mixed Germ cell Tumor
29
Mixed Germ cell Tumor sonographically
Large Heterogenous Cystic areas and echogenic foci
30
How do you differentiate testicular tumors
Biopsy
31
What is a burned out tumor?
Echogenic or calcified scar in the testicle. Regression of a primary tumors (outgrows its blood supply and regresses)
32
REVIEW QUESTIONS
..............
33
what is metastatic disease
Cancer originated else where (another primary site) and has spread to the testicular tissue
34
What is the most common metastatic tumor of the testes ?
Lymphoma
35
Lymphoma is most common in what age group?
> 50 years old
36
What is the mot common TYPE of Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin
37
What is the most common presentation of Lymphoma
Painless mass DIFFUSE enlargement
38
Metastatic Lymphoma sonographically (4)
Hypo homogenous DIFFUSE (entire teste enlarged) or focal mass Hypervascular
39
What is the SECOND most common metastatic tumor of the testes ?
Leukemia
40
What is the most common NON-lymphamatous metastatic tumor of the testes ?
Prostate & lung
41
Metastatic Spread possible routes (4)
Retrograde venous Hematogenous (arterial supply) Retrograde lymphatic system or direct tumor invasion
42
Post Vascectomy changes occur in ____ % patients
45
43
Vasectomy changes include (5)
``` Epididymal enlargement Heterogenous Cysts/ Spermatoceles Sperm Granuloma (sperm escapes and is walled off) Tubular Ectasia ```
44
What is Tubular Ectasia
dilated tubules in epi or Rete testes Various sized cystic lesions maybe mistaken for neoplasm bilateral but asymmetrical often has a spermatocele
45
Tubular Ectasia will not demonstrate?
COLOR FLOW | unlike varicocele in testicles that will have flow
46
Ultrasound after a Post Orchiectomy can be use to assess (4)
assess the scrotal space for 1. Abscess 2. Hematoma 3. Recurrent neoplasms 4. or for placement of Prosthesis
47
MORE REVIEW
----------
48
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PAINLESS SCROTAL SWELLING
Hydrocele (collection of fluid in bw layers of tunica vag)
49
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE THAT FORMS THE MEDIASTINUM?
TUNICA ALBUGINEA (supportive structure for RT)
50
WHAT OTHER EPIDIDYMAL ABNORMALITY CAN TYPICAL OCCUR WITH TUBUALR ECTASIA?
Spermatocele
51
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF TESTICULAR TORSION?
Intravaginal (associated -bell clapper)
52
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ACUTE SCROTAL PAIN
Epididymitis
53
WHAT IS THE ALTERNATIVE NAME FOR THE EPI HEAD
Globus major

ABDOMEN 4 (10 decks)

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