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Respiratory > 13.1 Anatomy of the THORAX (HARC) (Thyroid, Lymph, Veins) > Flashcards

13.1 Anatomy of the THORAX (HARC) (Thyroid, Lymph, Veins) Flashcards

1
Q

because THYROID is an ENDOCRINE organ it is..

A

HIGHLY VASCULAR

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2
Q

where is the THYROID found

A

C5-T1

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3
Q

THYROID BASE sits on which TRACHEAL RING

A

4TH / 5TH

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4
Q

what can occur of THYROID tissue

A

ECTOPIC TISSUE (not where its supposed to be)

traces can be found from origin - FORAMEN CAECUM of TONGUE

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5
Q

THYROID Origin

A

FORAMEN CAECUM

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6
Q

THYROID C CELLS secrete

A

CALCITINON

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7
Q

what STIMULATES THYROID to secrete T3 and T4

A

TSH from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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8
Q

THYROID allows for REGULATION of..

A
  • WEIGHT
  • ENERGY levels
  • internal TEMPERATURE
  • SKIN
  • HAIR
  • NAIL growth
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9
Q

PARATHYROID GLANDS role

A

secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE to stimulate CALCIUM UPTAKE

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10
Q

THYROID HORMONES stimulates an INCREASE in..

A

METABOLISM

  • causes INCREASE in OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
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11
Q

what do THYROID HORMONES INCREASE in TARGET CELLS

A

RESPONSIVENESS to CATECHOLAMINES

(Sympathetic Nervous System and Suprarenal Glands)

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12
Q

effect of THYROID HORMONES on HEART

A

INCREASE HEART RATE
- to circulate Catecholamines

  • INCREASE in FORCE of CONTRACTIONS
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13
Q

what is produced as a result of THYROID action

A

HEAT

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14
Q

RESPONSE to HEAT PRODUCTION by THYROID action

A

VASODILATION of BLOOD VESSELS to Cool down

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15
Q

how does THYROID impact OXYGEN

A

INCREASE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

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16
Q

how does THYROID impact BLOOD VESSELS

A

VASODILATION of blood vessels to COOL DOWN
- after HEAT production

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17
Q

what can you get in HYPOTHYROIDISM

A
  • SHORTNESS of BREATH
  • PLEURAL EFFUSION (build up of fluid between pleura - around lungs)
  • SLOW PULSE
  • PERICARDIAL EFFUSION (build up fluid in pericardium - around heart)
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18
Q

what can you get in HYPERTHYROIDISM

A

ARRYTHMIA (Abnormal Heart Rhythm)

TACHYCARDIA (HIGH Heart rate - over 100 bpm)

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19
Q

where does THYROID DEVELOPMENT BEGIN and what as

A

FORAMEN CAECUM

  • as THYROGLOSSAL DUCT
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20
Q

when does the THYROGLOSSAL DUCT arrive at TRACHEA

A

WEEK 7

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21
Q

when should THYROGLOSSAL DUCT REGRESS in Embryology

A

WEEK 10

may persist and cause Cysts or Fistula

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22
Q

ARTERIES of the THYROID

A
  • SUPERIOR THRYOID ARTERY
  • INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY
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23
Q

VEINS of the THYROID

A
  • SUPERIOR THYROID VEIN
  • MIDDLE THYROID VEIN
  • INFERIOR THYROID VEIN
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24
Q

how many THYROID VEINS

A

3

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25
Q

where does the SUPERIOR THRYOID ARTERY come from

A

EXTERNAL CAROTID Artery

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26
Q

where does the INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY come from

A

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
- THYROCERVICAL TRUNK (more specific)

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27
Q

where does the SUPERIOR THYROID VEIN come from

A

INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

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28
Q

where does the MIDDLE THYROID VEIN come from

A

INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

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29
Q

where does the INFERIOR THYROID VEIN come from

A

BRACIOCEPHALIC Vein

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30
Q

which THYROID ARTERY comes from the THYROCERVICAL TRUNK

A

INFERIOR Thyroid Artery

(SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY)

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31
Q

which THYROID VEINS come from the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

A

SUPERIOR and MIDDLE Thyroid Veins

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32
Q

which THYROID Artery comes from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

A

INFERIOR Thyroid Artery

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33
Q

which THYROID VEIN comes from the BRACIOCEPHALIC VEIN

A

INFERIOR Thyroid Vein

34
Q

which THYROID ARTERY comes from the EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

A

SUPERIOR Thyroid Artery

35
Q

SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY comes from which CAROTID ARTERY

A

EXTERNAL

36
Q

MUSCLES in NECK - surrounding THYROID

A
  • STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID (big)
  • STERNOTHYROID
  • STERNOHYOID
  • OMOHYOID
37
Q

NECK COMPARTMENTS are bound by..

A

PRETRACHEAL FASCIA

  • separates things
    and surrounds neck muscles
38
Q

where does the PRETRACHEAL FASCIA go from and to

A

HYOID BONE to PERICARDIUM (around heart)

39
Q

PRETRACHEAL FASCIA has 2 COMPARTMENTS

A

MSUCULAR and VISCERAL

40
Q

whats in the VISCERAL COMPARTMENT of the PRETRACHEAL FASCIA

A

THYROID
TRACHEA
OESOPHAGUS

41
Q

what is the name of the CONNECTION / COMMUNICATION of the THORAX with the ROOT of the NECK

A

SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE / THORACIC OUTLET

(opening at top of thoracic cavity)

42
Q

what does the SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE allow

A

allows STRUCTURES to PASS TO/FROM NECK and UPPER LIMB (/in or out of thorax)

ie Trachea, Oesophagus, Veins, Arteries

43
Q

BOUNDARIES of the SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

A
  • T1
  • MEDIAL margin of 1ST RIB
  • SUPERIOR border of MANUBRIUM (upper part of sternum)
44
Q

which Vertebra level is a BOUNDARY of the SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

A

T1

45
Q

which MARGIN of the 1ST RIB is a BOUNDARY of the SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

A

MEDIAL MARGIN of 1st RIB

46
Q

MEDIAL MARGIN of which RIB is a BORDER of the SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

A

1ST RIB

47
Q

SUPERIOR BORDER of what is a BOUNDARY of the SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

A

MANUBRIUM

48
Q

SUPERIOR BORDER of what is a BOUNDARY of the SUPERIOR THORACIC APERTURE

A

MANUBRIUM (Sternum)

49
Q

what are LYMPH VESSELS VITAL for

A

help TRANSPORT and FILTER EXCESS FLUID (LYMPH)

before RETURNING it to VENOUS CIRCULATION

50
Q

LYMPH passes through LYMPHOID TISSUES and Organs to..

A

FILTER
and PRESENT TO IMMUNE CELLS

51
Q

which ORGANS contain LYMPHATIC TISSUE that help in BLOOD FILTERING and MATURATION of LYMPHOCYTES

A

SPLEEN
THYMUS
BONE MARROW
TONSILS, PEYERS PATCHES (small intestines), APPENDIX

52
Q

what does LYMPHATIC TISSUE help

A

BLOOD FILTERING
& MATURATION of LYMPHOCYTES

53
Q

LYMPHATIC DUCTS for DRAINAGE

A
  • RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
    (Right upper body : face, arm, thorax)
  • THORACIC DUCT (left upper and all below abdomen)
54
Q

which major part of the LYMPHATICS System DRAINS INTO the THORACIC DUCT from the ABDOMEN

A

CYSTERNA CHYLI

55
Q

role of LYMPH NODES

A

FILTER FOREIGN PARTICLES

56
Q

SHAPE of LYMPH NODES

A

KIDNEY SHAPED

57
Q

approx how many LYMPH NODES in body and where are they mostly found

A

400-500

  • mostly Abdomen
58
Q

LYMPH NODES 2 VESSELS:

A
  • AFFERENT (bring lymph)
  • EFFERENT (carry away)
59
Q

What CELLS are found in LYMPH NODES

A

B and T LYMPHOCYTES

(exposed to FLUID as it passes through)

60
Q

what CELLS can you see at the SINUSES of the LYMPH NODES and what do they do

A

MACROPHAGES

  • FILTER Particles as lymph passes through
61
Q

what causes LYMPH NODES to SWELL

A

if bigger immune response

  • RECRUITMENT of MORE LYMPHOCYTES
62
Q

how do AFFERENT VESSELS of LYMPH NODES ensure no backflow of fluid

A

have VALVES

63
Q

what do EFFERENT VESSELS of LYMPH NODES drain towards

A

LYMPHATIC TRUNKS before either
RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT or THORACIC DUCT

64
Q

which LYMPHATICS/AREAS of the LUNG DRAIN INTO LYMPH NODES

A

SUPERFICIAL / SUBPLEURAL
and
DEEP LYMPHATICS

65
Q

what are the LYMPH NODES that LUNG LYMPHATICS DRAIN INTO called

A

TRACHEOBRONCHIAL NODES

66
Q

where do you find the TRACHEOBRONCHIAL NODES

A

around the ROOTS of the LOBAR
and MAIN BRONCHI
and ALONG the SIDES of the TRACHEA

67
Q

as a group where do the TRACHEOBRONCHIAL NODES EXTEND FROM

A

WITHIN the LUNG,
THROUGH HILUM and ROOT,
INTO POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM

68
Q

is the AZYGOUS VEIN Paired

A

NOT PAIRED

69
Q

where does the AZYGOUS S VEIN RECEIVAE drainage from

A

LOWER 8 POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS,
RIGHT SUPERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS,
HEMIAZYGOUS VEINS

70
Q

what does the AZYGOUS VEIN DRAIN INTO

A

SVC - SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

71
Q

which side are the HEMIAZYGOUS (‘half unpaired) VEINS on

A

LEFT

72
Q

which side is the AZYGOUS VEIN on

A

RIGHT

73
Q

where does the ACCESSORY (SUPERIOR) HEMIAZYGOUS VEIN receive from

A

4TH - 7TH/8TH (upper)
LEFT POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL VEINS

74
Q

where does the HEMIAZYGOUS (INFERIOR) VEIN receive from

A

8TH/9TH - 12TH (lower)
LEFT POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL NERVES

75
Q

ACCESSORY HEMIAZYGOUS and HEMIAZYGOUS VEINS DRAIN INTO…

A

AZYGOUS VEIN

76
Q

which INTERCOSTAL VEINS does the AZYGOUS VEIN Receive from

A

LOWER 8 POSTERIOR
& RIGHT SUPERIOR

77
Q

what does the SVC RECEIVE from

A

AZYGOUS VEIN

78
Q

how many THYROID ARTERIES

A

only 2
(superior, inferior)

79
Q

where does LYMPH from the RIGHT HAND UPPER LIMB, HEAD and NECK DRAIN INTO

A

RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

80
Q

the LUNGS DRAIN LYMPH into which group of NODES FIRST

A

TRACHEOBRONCHIAL

Respiratory (16 decks)

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