Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > 8.2 Breathing and Respiration in special circumstances - METABOLISM, INFANCY, OLD AGE, OBESITY, FEAR, PREGNANCY > Flashcards

8.2 Breathing and Respiration in special circumstances - METABOLISM, INFANCY, OLD AGE, OBESITY, FEAR, PREGNANCY Flashcards

1
Q

METABOLISM
what does METABOLISM refer to

A

the PRODUCTION of ENERGY by burning nutrient molecules

Biochemistry side: the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in the body (even those not related to energy production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

METABOLISM
why can METABOLIC RATE be thought of as RATE of AEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

as cellular processes USE MORE ATP,
MORE O2 REQUIRED
MORE CO2 PRODUCED

-> RATE and DEPTH of BREATHING INCREASES to provide O2 and remove CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

METABOLISM
AEROBIC RESPIRATION EQUATION

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

METABOLISM
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION EQUATION

A

C6H12O6 —> 2 LACTIC ACIDS + 2 ATP

(less ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

METABOLISM
what happens to the LACTIC ACID produced by ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

A

needs to be BROKEN DOWN in LIVER

  • using OXYGEN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

METABOLISM
where is LACTIC ACID BROKEN DOWN and what does it REQUIRE

A

in LIVER

REQUIRES OXYGEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

METABOLISM
what is the OXYGEN DEBT

A

HEAVY BREATHING AFTER EXERCISE to PROVIDE EXTRA O2
- to BREAK DOWN LACTIC ACID

followed by PANTING (short, quick breaths) to allow AEROBIC RESPIRATION to RESUME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

METABOLISM
what is the CORI CYCLE (LACTIC ACID CYCLE)

A

in MUSCLE:
GLUCOSE BROKEN DOWN into 2 PYRUVATE
-> 2 LACTATE
anaerobic respiration

transported to LIVER (by blood)

in LIVER:
2 LACTATE converted to 2 PYRUVATE
-> GLUCOSE
GLUCONEOGENESIS (uses 6 atp)
(and oxygen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

INFANCY
How is BREATHING in a FETUS

A

NO BREATHING - NO AIR in Amniotic Sac

  • RECEIVE O2 and REMOVE CO2 by PLACENTA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

INFANCY
when are ATTEMPTS at RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS made in the FETUS

A

BY END of 1ST TRIMESTER

  • caused by TACTILE and FETAL ASPHYXIA (O2 deprivation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

INFANCY
what happens in the 3RD and 4TH MONTH of PREGNANCY to the FETUS and what does this help PREVENT

A
  • BREATHING MOVEMENTS INHIBITED
  • so LUNGS almost completely DEFLATED
  • helps PREVENT MECONIUM ASPIRATION (passing and aspiring bowel contents during labour / distress)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

INFANCY
what helps PREVENT MECONIUM ASPIRATION of FETUS

A

DEFLATED LUNGS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

INFANCY
what do ALVEOLI do up UNTIL BIRTH and why

A

ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM secrete Small amount of FLUID up until birth
- KEEP CLEAN FLUID in LUNGS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

INFANCY
what are the MECHANICAL CHANGES at Birth (neonate)

A

during delivery (passing through birth canal)
- COMPRESSION of LUNGS
- compression of FLUID from the lung

  • RECOIL of the CHEST WALL (lungs bounce back from compression) produces PASSIVE INSPIRATION of AIR

NEGATIVE INSPIRATORY PRESSURES up to 70-100 cm H2O are INITIALLY REQUIRED to expand alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

INFANCY
in NEONATE why are NEGATIVE INSPIRATORY PRESSURES INITIALLY REQUIRED (70-100 cm H2O)

A

to EXPAND ALVEOLI (LaPlace’s Relationship) which FACILITATE LUNG EXPANSION

by OVERCOMING:
- AIRWAYS RESISTANCE
- INERTIA of FLUID in AIRWAYS
- SURFACE TENSION of the AIR/FLUID INTERFACE in ALVEOLUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

INFANCY
LaPlace’s Relationship - how does EXPANDING ALVEOLI facilitate LUNG EXPANSION

A

by OVERCOMING
- AIRWAY RESISTANCE
- INERTIA of FLUID in AIRWAYS
- SURFACE TENSION of AIR/FLUID INTERFACE in ALVEOLUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

INFANCY
NEONATE- NEGATIVE INSPIRATORY PRESSURES of up to… are usually required

A

70-100 cm H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

INFANCY
after birth what causes PASSIVE INSPIRATION of Air into LUNGS

A

RECOIL of LUNGS after compression
(fluid also squeezed out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

INFANCY
CHEMICAL EVENTS that take place at BIRTH (lead to initiation of breathing)

A
  1. cutting Umbilical Cord REMOVES O2 SUPPLY
    -> ASPHYXIA (Lack O2)
    LOW O2, HIGH CO2, LOW pH
    -> ACIDOSIS

Acidotic state stimulates
RESPIRATORY CENTRES in MEDULLA
and (PERIPHERAL) CHEMORECEPTORS in CAROTID ARTERIES
-> INITIATE BREATHING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

INFANCY
what does baby immediately DEVELOP after CUTTING UMBILICAL CORD

A

ASPHYXIA (O2 DEPRIVATION)

which leads to ACIDOSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

INFANCY
how does ACIDOSIS INITIATE BREATHING in NEONATE

A

STIMULATES RESPIRATORY CENTRES in MEDULLA and CHEMORECEPTORS (peripheral) in CAROTID ARTERIES

  • initiates breathing
22
Q

INFANCY
which SENSORY EVENTS (STIMULUS) can STIMULATE BREATHING in NEONATE

A
  • THERMAL
    sudden DROP in TEMPERATURE can cause baby to GASP (MAJOR STIMULUS)
  • TACTILE
    Nerve Endings in SKIN stimulated (may rub baby)
  • VISUAL
    change from dark to LIGHT environment
  • AUDITORY
    SOUND
23
Q

INFANCY
what STIMULATES SURFACTANT production in NEONATES

A
  • ALVEOLAR DISTENTION, CORTISOL, EPINEPHRINE (adrenaline)
    stimulate Type 2 PNEUMOCYTES
24
Q

INFANCY
how is EXPIRATION in NEONATES

A

INITIALLY ACTIVE

  • PRESSURES 18-115 cm H20 GENERATED
  • AMNIOTIC FLUID FORCED OUT from BRONCHI
25
Q

INFANCY
what forces AMNIOTIC FLUID out in NEONATES

A

PRESSURES 18-115 cm H2O

26
Q

INFANCY
what do PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES in NEONATES lead to

A
  • INCREASING BLOOD FLOW
  • Initating CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES
27
Q

INFANCY
how is BLOOD FLOW in Neonates

A

INCREASING

28
Q

INFANCY
how is LUNG COMPLIANCE (deformability) in NEONATES vs INFANTS/CHILDREN

A
  1. NEONATES: HIGH COMPLIANCY (gives way when subjected to force)
    - Elastic fibre develop is postnatally
    - Static ELASTIC RECOIL PRESSURE is LOW

CHEST WALL COMPLIANCE HIGH
- cartilaginous ribs
- limited thoracic muscle mass

more prone to atelectasis (lung collapse) and respiratory insufficiency)

  1. INFANCY/CHILDHOOD
    - COMPLIANCY DECREASES
    - STATIC RECOIL PRESSURE INCREASES
29
Q

INFANCY
how long does LUNG DEVELOPMENT continue for

A

10 YEARS

(MOST RAPID in 1ST YEAR)

30
Q

INFANCY
how many AIR SACS at BIRTH

A

Terminal Air Sacs (mostly SACCULES):
20-50 X10^7

1/10th of ADULT NUMBER

31
Q

INFANCY
development of ALVEOLI FROM SACCULES COMPLETE BY…

A

18 MONTHS

32
Q

in OLD AGE
how is the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM different

A
  • DECREASED ELASTIC RECOIL of lung tissues
  • DECREASED CHEST WALL COMPLIANCE
  • DECREASED STRENGTH in the Respiratory MUSCLES
  • INCREASED RESIDUAL VOLUME
  • DECREASED VITAL CAPACITY
  • DECREASED FEV1
33
Q

OBESITY
why is increased VISCERAL FAT an issue

A
  • surrounds ORGANS

ABDOMINAL CAIVTY ENLARGED
-> PUSHES DIAPHRAGM UP
-> DECREASED LUNG VOLUME

34
Q

OBESITY
why is Increased SUBCUTANEOUS FAT an issue

A

(under skin)

around UPPER AIRWAYS
- can cause to COLLAPSE
(obstructive sleep apnoea)

and around THORACIC CAVITY
- decreased chest wall compliance and recoil
- decreased lung capacity

35
Q

OBESITY
in HEALTHY person how is CHEST WALL RECOIL and LUNG RECOIL

A

roughly EQUAL

36
Q

OBESITY
in HEALTHY person how is OUTWARD PRESSURE and INWARD PRESSURE

A

roughly EQUAL

37
Q

OBESITY
how is CHEST WALL RECOIL
INWARD and OUTWARD PRESSURES
LUNG CAPACITY

A
  • DECREASED CHEST WALL RECOIL (and compliance)
  • INWARD PRESSURE GREATER than OUTWARD
  • DECREASED FRC / DECREASED LUNG CAPACITY
38
Q

OBESITY
how is LUNG VOLUME

A

DECREASED

  • DECREASED FRC
39
Q

OBESITY
how is AIRWAYS RADIUS and what can this cause

A

DECREASED AIRWAY RADIUS

-> ATELECTASIS (collapse)

-> V/Q (VENTILATION/PERFUSION) MISMATCHING

40
Q

FEAR
ADRENALINE acts on which RECEPTOR in HEART and has what EFFECT

A

BETA 1

  • INCREASE HEART RATE and CONTRACTILITY
41
Q

FEAR
ADRENALINE acts on which RECEPTOR in LUNGS and has what EFFECT

A

BETA 2

  • BRONCHODILATION
42
Q

FEAR
ADRENALINE acts on which RECEPTORS on BLOOD VESSELS and has what EFFECT

A

ALPHA 1 -> VASOCONSTRICTION

BETA 2 -> VASODILATION

43
Q

EXERCISE:

A

MUSCLE CELLS RESPIRATION INCREASES

BREATHING RATE INCREASES

MORE GAS EXCHANGE

HEART RATE INCREASES

(signals from brain - Medulla and Pons)

44
Q

PREGANCY
RESPIRATORY CHANGES - MECHANICAL:

A
  • RIBS FLARE OUTWARDS
  • DIAPHRAGM MOVES UPWARDS by 4cm
45
Q

PREGANCY
by how much does the DIAPHRAGM MOVE UPWARDS

A

up to 4 CM

46
Q

PREGANCY
how does TIDAL VOLUME CHANGE

A

INCREASE by 200 ML

47
Q

PREGANCY
how does VITAL CAPACITY CHANGE

A

5% INCREASE vital capacity

(due to 200 ml increase tidal volume)

48
Q

PREGANCY
how does RESIDUAL VOLUME CHANGE

A

20% DECREASE residual volume

49
Q

PREGANCY
how does RESPIRATORY RATE CHANGE

A

respiratory rate DOES NOT CHANGE

50
Q

PREGANCY
why does Pregnancy represent a FULLY COMPENSATED ALKALOSIS

A
  • DECREASED PCO2
  • PO2 UNCHANGED
  • COMPENSATORY DECREASE in HCO3- ions

therefore pH UNCHANGED (normal)

51
Q

PREGANCY
how is PCO2 different

A

DECREASED

(compensated for by decrease in HCO3- from kidneys - less reabsorption)

Respiratory (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions