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Respiratory > 2. Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory System > Flashcards

2. Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of the PHARYNX

A

NASOPHARYNX

OROPHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX

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2
Q

what is the FUNCTION of NASAL CAVITIES

A
  • OLFACTION (sense of smell)
  • adjust TEMPERATURE
  • adjust HUMIDITY
  • TRAP and REMOVE particulate matter (hairs, mucus, cillia)
  • DRAINS PARANASAL SINUSES
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3
Q

OLFACTION controlled by which CRANIAL NERVE

A

OLFACTORY NERVE (I)

  • under frontal lobe
  • carries signal posteriorly towards primary olfactory cortex
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4
Q

NASAL CAVITY can be divided into:

A
  • EXTERNAL NOSE
    at centre of midface
  • INTERNAL CHAMBER
    located centrally within cranium
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5
Q

CARTILAGE in the EXTERNAL NOSE:

A
  • MIDLINE SEPTAL CARTILAGE
  • LATERL PROCESS OF SEPTAL CARTILAGE
  • MINOR ALAR CARTILAGES (3-4)
  • MAJOR ALAR CARTILAGE
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6
Q

BONES in the EXTERNAL NOSE

A
  • FRONTAL bone
  • NASAL bone
  • FRONTAL PROCESS of MAXILLA
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7
Q

NASAL CAVITY extends from anterior openings …

A

NARES/NOSTRILS
to
CHOANAE - Posterior APERTURES (back of nasal cavity, junction where becomes nasopharynx)

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8
Q

NASAL CAVITY is Separated from the ORAL CAVITY below by the..

A

HARD PALATE
(part of palatine bone and maxilla)

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9
Q

CHOANAE are ALWAYS..

A

OPEN

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10
Q

NASAL CAVITY is Divided from CRANIAL CAVITY above by which bones

A

FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID bones

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11
Q

Left and Right NASAL CAVITIES are divided by the..

A

NASAL SEPTUM

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12
Q

3 parts of the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • NASAL VESTIBULE
  • RESPIRATORY
  • OLFACTORY
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13
Q

what is the LARGEST part of the NASAL CAVITY

A

RESPIRATORY

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14
Q

what is the SMALLEST part of the NASAL CAVITY

A

OLFACTORY

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15
Q

what is the NASAL VESTIBULE part of the nasal cavity

A
  • the OPENING
  • INTERNAL to the NARIS (nostril)
  • LINED by SKIN and covered in SHORT HAIR FOLLICLES
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16
Q

features of the RESPIRATORY region of the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • LARGEST part
  • RICH NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY (so can adjust temperature and humidity)
  • LINED by RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM composed mainly of CILLATED and MUCOUS CELLS (trap and remove particles)
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17
Q

where is the OLFACTORY region of the NASAL CAVITY

A

at the APEX (top)

  • SMALLEST
  • has OLFACTORY RECEPTORS
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18
Q

the LATERAL WALL of the NASAL CAVITY is characterised by 3 CURVED shelves of BONE known as..

A

CONCHAE / TURBINATES projecting off lateral wall

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19
Q

what are the 3 CONCHAE/TURBINATES Projecting off the LATERAL WALL of the NASAL CAVITY

A
  • SUPERIOR CONCHA
  • MIDDLE CONCHA
  • INFERIOR CONCHA (independent)
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20
Q

what do the 3 CONCHA of the NASAL CAVITY create and what does this do

A

4 AIR CHANNELS

  • INCREASES SURFACE AREA
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21
Q

what is found between the ROOF and the SUPERIOR CONCHA of the NASAL CAVITY

A

SPHENO-ETHMOIDAL RECESS

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22
Q

Anterior end of the CONCHO CURVES MEDIALLY to form a Lip OVERLYING the..

A

MEATUSES

  • SUPERIOR MEATUS
    between superior concha and middle concha
  • MIDDLE MEATUS
    between middle concha and inferior concha
  • INFERIOR MEATUS
    between inferior concha and floor
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23
Q

what are the 4 PARANASAL AIR SINUSES

A
  • 2X FRONTAL SINUS
  • 2X SPHENOID SINUS
  • 2X ETHMOID SINUS (ethmoidal cells)
  • 2X MAXILLARY SINUS
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24
Q

PARANASAL SINUSES develop as OUTGROWTHS from..

A

NASAL CAVITIES ERODING into surrounding BONE

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25
Q

PARANASAL SINUSES LINED by

A

CILLIATED, MUCOUS-SECRETING RESPIRATORY MUCOSA

(drain into meatus / nasal sinuses)

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26
Q

POSIBLE FUNCTION of the PARANASAL SINUSES

A

LIGHTEN SKULL
RESONANCE
SHOCK ABSORPTION

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27
Q

DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES

Opening of SPEHNOIDAL SINUS into…

A

SPHENOETHMOIDAL RECESS

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28
Q

DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES

Opening of MAXILLARY SINUS into

A

SEMILUNAR HIATUS (FLOOR)

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29
Q

DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES

Opening of FRONTAL SINUS and ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CELLS into..

A

INFINDIBULUM / ANTERIOR end of SEMILUNAR HIATUS

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30
Q

DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES

Opening of MIDDLE ETHMOIDAL CELLS onto/just above…

A

BULLA ETHMOIDALIS

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31
Q

DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES

Opening of POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CELLS into..

A

LATERAL WALL of SUPERIOR MEATUS

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32
Q

DRAINAGE of PARANASAL SINUSES

Opening of NASOLACRIMAL DUCT into..

A

INFERIOR MEATUS (LATERAL wall)
(beneath inferior concha)

(drainage of tears/LACRIMAL FLUID)

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33
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY to the nose

A

superficially:
ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL ARTERIES
(from opthalmic, from internal carotid)

posterior: SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY
(from maxillary from external carotid)

inferior: GREATER PALATINE ARTERY

LATERAL NASAL ARTERY

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34
Q

what is LITTLE’S AREA / KIESSELBACH’S PLEXUS and which arteries is it composed of

A

Important site of extensive ANASTOMOSIS on NASAL SEPTUM comprised of:

  • ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL artery
  • GREATER PALATINE artery
  • SPHENOPALATINE artery (septal branches)
  • SUPERIOR LABIAL artery (septal branches)

causes epistaxis - nosebleeds

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35
Q

what do you have BEWTEEN OLFACTORY BULBS (separating)

A

CRIBRIFORM PLATE

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36
Q

OLFACTORY RECEPTORS found in..

A

OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM at the APEX of each nasal cavity

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37
Q

OLFACTORY RECEPTORS are..

A

PERIPHERAL PROCESSES of BIPOLAR SENSORY NEURONES
with CELL BODIES DEEPER in EPITHELIUM

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38
Q

AXONS of OLFACTORY NERVE pass through..

A

CRIBRIFORM PLATE to SYNAPSE with second order neurones in the OLFACTORY BULB

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39
Q

where does the OLFACTORY TRACT TRAVEL

A

on the INFERIOR SURFACE of FRONTAL LOBE

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40
Q

OLFACTORY RECEPTOR AXONS pass … before grouping together to form the OLFACTORY TRACT

A

SYNAPTIC GLOMERULI
& MITRAL CELL LAYER

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41
Q

PATHWAY from the OLFACTORY BULB

A
  • OLFACTORY BULB

-> OLFACTORY TRACT (posteriorly)

-> LATERAL STRIA or MEDIAL STRIA

lateral stria -> PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX (UNCUS of temporal lobe)

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42
Q

what is ANOSMIA

A

LOSS OF SMELL

temporary eg infection/cold
permanent eg. head injury / tumours in olfactory groove
progressive eg neurodegenerative conditions (parkinson’s/alzheimer’s)

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43
Q

OLFACTION conveyed by cranial nerve I and PROCESSED by..

A

OLFACTORY CORTEX

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44
Q

the NOSE is a highly … region

A

VASCULAR

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45
Q

the … provide DRAINAGE SITES for the PARANASAL SINUSES

A

MEATUSES

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46
Q

the THREE CONCHAE (curved shelves of bone) are on which WALL of the NASAL CAVITY

A

LATERAL

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47
Q

the PHARYNX is a MUSCULOFASCIAL HALF-CYLINDER extending between..

A

SKULL BASE and Vertebral level C6

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48
Q

what does the PHARYNX CONNECT

A

NASAL and ORAL CAVITIES
to
LARYNX and OESOPHAGUS

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49
Q

PHARYNX is a common PASSAGE for

A

AIR and FOOD

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50
Q

what is hanging off the end of the HARD PALATE

A

SOFT PALATE

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51
Q

where is the NASOPHARYNX

A

POSTERIOR to CHOANAE

CONTINUOUS with OROPHARYNX at PHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS

52
Q

where is the OROPHARYNX

A

POSTERIOR to ORAL CAVITY

  • DIVIDED by OROPHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS
53
Q

where is LARYNGOPHARYNX

A

POSTERIOR to LARYNGEAL INLET

54
Q

CIRCULAR PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES:

and where are they attached

A

SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR (attaches to mandible and base of skull)
MIDDLE CONSTRICTOR (attaches to hyoid bone)
INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR (to thyroid cartilage) (most overlapping)

55
Q

line where the CIRCULAR PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES meet in the middle

A

PHARYNGEAL RAPHE

56
Q

what do the CIRCULAR PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES do

A

CONTRACT and NARROW LUMEN
- to push food down

57
Q

LONGITUDINAL PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES

A
  • SALPINGOPHARYNGEUS
    (from pharyngotympanic tube)
  • STYLOPHARYNGEUS
    (from styloid process)
  • PALATOPHARYNGEUS
    (from soft palate)
58
Q

what do LONGITUDINAL PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES do

A

PULL up/ ELEVATE PHARYNGEAL WALL (pharynx) during SWALLOWING

59
Q

an important part of the NASOPHARYNX is the

A

PHARYNGEAL OPENING of the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE

60
Q

what does the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE do

A

can OPEN to EQUALISE PRESSURE on both sides of the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (ear drum)
- External Auditory Meatus and Middle Ear Cavity

61
Q

what are the TONSILS a collection of

A

COLLECTION of LYMPHOID TISSUE in the MUCOSA of the PHARYNX

62
Q

what are the different TONSILS

A
  • PHARYNGEAL TONSILS (can be known as ADENOIDS) at roof of nasal cavity
  • PALATINE TONSILS (associated with tonsillitis) back of mouth
  • LINGUAL TONSIL (posterior 1/3rd of tongue)
63
Q

FUNCTION of TONSILS

A

IMMUNE DEFENCE SYSTEM in the upper respiratory tract

64
Q

TONSILS surround OPENINGS of..

A

ORAL CAVITY and NASAL CAVITY

65
Q

what SHAPE is the PHARYNX

A

HALF-CYLINDER

66
Q

PHARYNX extends to which vertebral level

A

C6

67
Q

PHARYNGEAL WALL composed of which type of MUSCLE

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

68
Q

what does the OROPHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS divide

A

ORAL CAVITY and OROPHARYNX

69
Q

what are the OROPHARYNX and NASOPHARYNX DIVIDED by

A

PHARYNGEAL ISTHMUS

70
Q

what is the WALDEYER’S RING

A

COLLECTION of LYMPHOID TISSUE in the PHARYNX

71
Q

what does the PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE CONNECT the NASOPHARYNX to

A

MIDDLE EAR CAVITY

72
Q

how is the STRUCTURE of the LARYNX

A

MUSCULOLIGAMENTOUS structure with a CARTILAGINOUS FRAMEWORK

73
Q

LARYNX is Continuous with the…

A

TRACHEA

74
Q

LARYNX continuous with the Trachea at which VERTEBRAL LEVEL

A

C6

75
Q

LARYNX OPENS into the..

A

PHARYNX posteroinferior to the LINGUAL TONSIL

76
Q

2 FUNCTIONS of the LARYNX:

A
  • VALVE - ELEVATES superiorly to CLOSE the LOWER RESPIRTATORY TRACT when SWALLOWING (so food passes into Oesophagus)
  • INSTRUMENT to produce SOUND
77
Q

LARYNX formed by 3 LARGE UNPAIRED CARTILAGES:

A
  • EPIGLOTTIS
  • THYROID CARTILAGE
  • CRICOID CARTILAGE
78
Q

LARYNX 3 SMALLER PAIRED CARTILAGES:

A
  • ARYTENOID CARTILAGE
  • CORNICULATE CARTILAGE
    (at apex of arytenoid cartilage)
  • CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE
    (looks like its floating)
79
Q

CARTILAGIONOUS components of the LARYNX are SUSPENDED FROM..

A

HYOID BONE

80
Q

CARTILAGINOUS components of the LARYNX are HIGHLY..

A

MOBILE

81
Q

which is the LARGEST (UNPAIRED) LARYNGEAL CARTILAGE

A

THYROID CARTILAGE

82
Q

2 LAMINA of the THYROID CARTILAGE FUSE at the…

A

LARYNGEAL PROMINANCE

83
Q

why is the LARYNGEAL PROMINANCE more Prominent in MALES

A

SMALLER ANGLE between the left and right LAMINA

84
Q

another PALPABLE FEATURE of the THYROID CARTILAGE

A

SUPERIOR THYROID NOTCH

85
Q

LINE on the THYROID CARTILAGE where MUSCLES ATTACH (to move larynx)

A

OBLIQUE LINE

86
Q

what is there SUPERIORLY and INFERIORLY on the THRYOID CARTILAGE

A

SUPERIOR HORN
INFERIOR HORN (articulates with cricoid cartilage)

87
Q

parts on the THYROID CARTILAGE (LARYNX)

A
  • 2 LAMINA
  • LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE
  • SURPERIOR THYROID NOTCH
  • OBLIQUE LINE
  • SUPERIOR & INFERIOR HORNS
88
Q

what is the INFERIOR-most LARYNGEAL CARTILAGE

A

CRICOID CARTILAGE

89
Q

STRUCTURE of CRICOID CARTILAGE

A

appearance of a Signet Ring

NARROW ANTERIOR: ARCH

BROAD POSTERIOR: LAMINA

90
Q

ARTICULATIONS of the CRICOID CARTILAGE

A

superior:
with base of ARYTENOID CARTILAGE

laterally:
with INFERIOR HORN of the THYROID CARTILAGE

91
Q

FUNCTION of ARYTENOID CARTILAGE

A

MOVES VOCAL FOLDS (by swivelling action on the cricoid) enabling TENSION in VOCAL LIGAMENT (alters pitch of voice)

& RELAXATION or APPROXIMATION

92
Q

where is the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE

A

sits on CRICOID CARTILAGE (SUPERIOR)

93
Q

PARTS of the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE

A
  • APEX
    facet for Articulation with CORNICULATE CARTILAGE
  • BASE
    concave surface for articulation with CRICOID CARTILAGE
  • VOCAL PROCESS
    attachment for VOCAL LIGAMENT
  • MUSCULAR PROCESS
    attachment for MUSCLE (projects laterally)
94
Q

where is the CORNICULATE CARTILAGE

A

sits on the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE (EXTENSION/prolong)

95
Q

FUNCTION of CORNICULATE CARTILAGE

A

ATTACHMENT for ARYEPIGLOTIC FOLD

96
Q

Where is the CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE (larynx)

A

SUSPENDED in ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLD

97
Q

FUNCTION of CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE

A

SUPPORT and STRUCTURE

98
Q

EXTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX:

A
  • HYO-EPIGLOTTIC LIGAMENT
  • THYROHYOID MEMBRANE
  • CRICOTRACHEAL LIGAMENT
99
Q

what do EXTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX do

A

ANCHOR LARYNX to surrounding regions

100
Q

what do INTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX do

A

CONNECT COMPONENTS of LARYNX together (inside)

101
Q

INTERNAL MEMBRANES of the LARYNX:

A
  • CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT
  • QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE
102
Q

CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT (internal membrane of larynx) THICKENS in the MIDLINE to form..

A

MEDIAN CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT
(used in emergencies eg. cricothyrotomy)

103
Q

the UPPER FREE MARGIN of the CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT (larynx inner membrane) forms the…

A

VOCAL LIGAMENT

(extending between THYROID cartilage and ARYTENOID cartilage vocal process)

  • UNDERLINES the TRUE VOCAL FOLD (aka vocal cord)
104
Q

the VOCAL LIGAMENT of the Larynx EXTENDS BETWEEN..

A

THRYOID CARTILAGE and the ARYTENOID CARTILAE (VOCAL PROCESS)

105
Q

QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE (inner membrane of larynx) extends between..

A

LATERAL MARGIN of the EPIGLOTTIS
to
ARYTENOID CARTILAGE on either side

106
Q

FREE LOWER MARGIN of QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE (inner membrane larynx) THICKENS to form..

A

VESTIBULAR LIGAMENT

107
Q

QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE (larynx) VESTIBULAR LIGAMENT - what overlies it

A

VESTIBULAR FOLD

  • forms FALSE VOCAL CORD
108
Q

ROLE of the VESTIBULAR FOLD (QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE)

A

PROTECTING ENTRANCE to the TRACHEA

109
Q

CAVITY of the LARYNX had 3 parts:

A
  • VESTIBULE
    from laryngeal inlet to VESTIBULAR FOLDS
  • MIDDLE
    from VESTIBULAR FOLDS to VOCAL FOLDS (space inbetween)
  • INFRAGLOTTIC SPACE
    vocal folds to CRICOID CARTILAGE (inferior border)
110
Q

(LARYNX) the MUCOSA of the MIDDLE CAVITY (between VESTIBULAR and VOCAL FOLDS) BULGES out LATERALLY to form the…

A

VENTRICLES

111
Q

(LARYNX) EXTENSION of the VENTRICLE PROJECTING ANTEROSUPERIORLY to lie against THYROID CARTILAGE is called the..

A

LARYNGEAL SACCULE

(has Mucous glands, mucous lubricates vocal folds)

112
Q

the visible TRIANGULAR OPENING between the VESTIBULAR FOLDS of the LARYNX is called the

A

RIMA VESTIBULI

113
Q

the visible TRIANGULAR OPENING between the VOCAL FOLDS (LARYNX) (below vestibular folds) is called the

A

RIMA GLOTTIDIS

114
Q

BLOOD SUPPLY to the LARYNX by which ARTERIES

A
  • SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL
    (from SUPERIOR THYROID from EXTERNAL CAROTID)
  • INFERIOR LARYNGEAL
    (from THYROCERVICAL TRUNK from SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY)
115
Q

INNERVATION to the LARYNX by which NERVES
(paired)

A
  • SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL nerve
    sensory ABOVE the level of the VOCAL FOLDS
  • RECURRENT LARYNGEAL nerve
    sensory BELOW the level of the VOCAL FOLDS
116
Q

INNERVATION to the LARYNX is DERIVED from which CRANIAL NERVE

A

VAGUS NERVE (X/10)

117
Q

where is the RIGHT RECURENT LARYNGEAL NERVE

A

originates in root of neck
Loops/HOOKS UNDERNEATH the RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

118
Q

where is the LEFT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE

A

HOOKS UNDERNEATH the ARCH OF AORTA

119
Q

LEFT and RIGHT RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVES innervate ALL larynx muscles EXCEPT…
which is innerved by..

A

CRICOTHYROID
-EXTERNAL BRANCH of SUPERIOR LARYGEAL

120
Q

the VOCAL LIGAMENT is which part of the CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT

A

UPPER FREE MARGIN

121
Q

how are the VESTIBULE, VOCAL FOLDS and RIMA GLOTTIDIS during QUIET RESPIRATION

A

OPEN

122
Q

VIBRATION of … leads to the Production of SOUND

A

VOCAL FOLDS

may be modified by the oral cavity and upper airway

123
Q

the VESTIBULAR LIGAMENT is the THICKENED which region of the QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE

A

LOWER FREE MARGER

124
Q

the RIMA GLOTTIDIS is the OPENING between which pair of FOLDS

A

VOCAL FOLDS

125
Q

the RIMA VESTIBULI is the OPENING between which pair of FOLDS

A

VESTIBULAR FOLDS

Respiratory (16 decks)

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