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Radiography 1 > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Label an image of the anatomy

A

Picture

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2
Q

What do sinuses look like on an xray

A

Holes

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3
Q

Where do all sinuses empty

A

Nasopharanx

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4
Q

What are the functions of sinuses

A

Lighten skull
Secrete mucous

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5
Q

When do sinuses form

A

Post-natally

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6
Q

Where can molars grow up into

A

Maxillary sinus, so they take xrays to check

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7
Q

How does the skull develop

A
  1. Endochondral ossification
  2. Intramembranous ossification
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8
Q

What does endochodral mean

A

endo = within
chondra = cartilage
ossification = making bone
All long bones do it
Base of the skull

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9
Q

What are the problems that need to be addressed by the two modes of skull development when a baby is developing and how are they solved

A
  1. The brain is formed and needs to be protected
  2. The head needs to come out during birth

a. Sutures allow room for movement, so bones can overlap each other (pointy head) and the brain is still protected
b. The cranial nerves can still travel through cartilage

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10
Q

What is mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue.
Contains fibroblasts

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11
Q

What is the endochondral ossification process

A

Fibroblasts in mesenchyme –> chondrocytes –> cartilage model –> ossification

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12
Q

What is intramembranous ossification & process

A

Mesenchyme directly forms bone for vault of the skull
Fibroblasts –> osteocytes –> bone

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13
Q

What action is most reduced in the lumbar region

A

Rotation, to prevent

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14
Q

What is the action of rectus abdominis

A

Flex vertebral column

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15
Q

What are the groups of vertebrae

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacarl, coccygeal

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16
Q

How many cervical

A

7

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17
Q

How many thoracic

A

12

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18
Q

How many lumbar

A

5

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19
Q

How many sacral and coccygeal

A

1 of each

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20
Q

What curve is present at birth & postnatally

A

Thoracic & sacral (curled up fetal position)

Cervical & lumbar are postnatal because they’re when the baby lifts it’s head and begins to walk and stand

21
Q

What is kyphosis

A

Excessive posterior curvature, generally in thoracic

Old person hunched over

22
Q

What’s lordosis and what causes it

A

Excessive anterior curvature, can shift weight bearing to joints instead of vertebrae resulting in pain because joints increase in size potentially impeding on nerves
Weightlifting, pregnancy, obesity

Think of gymnast bending backwards abnormally

23
Q

What is congenital scheuermanns

A

kyphosis

24
Q

What causes kyphosis

A

Congenital
Postural
Disease like osteoporosis –> also leads to lordosis

25
Q

What is scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature
Spine literally curved to side

26
Q

What is spondylolisthesis

A

Acquired lordosis, where lumbar vertebrae slide forward

27
Q

What is a pedicle

A

Feet

28
Q

What’s a z/zygapophyseal joint

A

Synovial joint

29
Q

Difference between thoracic & lumbar vertebrae

A

Thoracic is rotation, lumbar is flexion. Thoracic will be smaller in diameter, and lumbar will be larger

30
Q

What type is the intervertebral joint

A

Fibrous shock absorbing joint. Largest in lumbar region. Have annulus fibrosus that limit rotation

31
Q

What is distinguishing about cervical vertebrae vs others

A

Holes for vertebral arteries
Bifid tip on spinous process
Others don’t have as many pieces

32
Q

What is the scotty dog sign & how do you view it

A

Oblique view of xray
When superior articular facet smashes into laminar below. Caused by muscles pushing the vertebrae together e.g. bad bowling technique

Fracture is when scotty dog gets a collar

33
Q

What movement does the erector spinae group have

A

lateral flexion & extension

34
Q

What movement does the transversospinalis group have

A

rotation

35
Q

Point to psoas major

A

picture

36
Q

What are the six pack muscles (that some people might not have) & movements

A

Rectus abdominis (pair) joined by intertendinous connections to flex vertebral column

37
Q

Look at cross-section horizontal view

A
38
Q

What muscles will help with lumbar lordosis (posterior tilt)

A

Strong abs & relaxed hamstrings

39
Q

What muscles increase the anterior tilt

A

Erector spinae & rectus femoris

40
Q

What is the diff between true and false ribs

A

True, 1-7 connect directly to manubrium & sternum
False, 8-12 indirect articulation to sternum

41
Q

What is the purpose of the costotransverse joint

A

Highly mobile joint that dictates where and how to rib moves

42
Q

Pump handle movement

A

Occurs in upper ribs to allow for inspiration and increase AP diameter

43
Q

Bucket handle

A

Lower ribs, increased transverse diameter

44
Q

How does the diaphragm perform inspiration

A

Lowers to increase vertical diameter

45
Q

How do the intercostal muscles perform inspiration

A

Pump & bucket handle movements

46
Q

Muscles of quiet inspiration

A

75% diaphragm, 25% intercostal
Mostly passive
Inspiratory muscles are used as a brake for early expiration (i.e. lungs are not collapsed)

47
Q

Accessory muscles of rib elevation (forced inspiration)

A

Latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior, pectoralis major, trapezius, latissimus dorsi

48
Q

How do the muscles of forced expiration work

A

Abdominal cavity & thoracic cavity work together.
Squeezing down in abdominal cavity & increasing pressure pushes pressure up into thoracic cavity & diaphragm –> expiration

49
Q

What can increase the risk of pneumonia in this case

A

If forced expiration can’t be completed due to weak abdominal muscles, then it increases the risk because air can’t be expelled

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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