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Radiography 1 > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary method of imaging

A

ultrasound, MRI if serious

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2
Q

what causes the ovaries to double in size

A

tumours, cysts, pregnancy

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3
Q

what is the function of the ovary

A

to produce an egg, and ovulate (release) it

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4
Q

what do you see when imaging the ovary

A

the follicle, the ovum is inside

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5
Q

how many oocytes do we have in one phase

A

about a dozen, to which only one survives out of the 2 ovaries

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6
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

the part left behind after ovulation that produces progesterone

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7
Q

how many follicles are in an ovary and what differentiates them

A

many at different stages of development

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8
Q

what is the prognosis for ovarian cancer

A

very poor prognosis as it is hard to diagnose, and only found in investigation when it’s progressed significantly

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9
Q

what group is PCOS more common in

A

aboriginal / TS

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10
Q

what group is ovarian cancer more common in

A

older women, 50+

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11
Q

what does PCOS look like in an US

A

an ovary with follicles of the same size, which means they are actually cysts

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12
Q

what is the function of the uterine tube & other names

A

to catch the egg
fallopian
oviducts

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13
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation outside the uterus, somewhere else in the uterine tube

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14
Q

what happens in an ectopic pregnancy of the uterine tube

A

the egg implants outside the uterus, and risks rupture of the tube. if this occurs, the foetus won’t survive, and if surgery is not completed immediately, the mother may not survive either

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15
Q

what happens if it implants in the cervix

A

still ectopic, and okay, but the placenta can grow across the cervix and means that the placenta comes first, and the baby might not have oxygen

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16
Q

what is placenta previa

A

placenta comes first in birth

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17
Q

what type of birth is required if an egg implants in the cervix

A

cesarian

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18
Q

what is the prognosis/risk of an abdominal pregancy

A

blood vessels may rupture, oesophageal varices

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19
Q

what are the causes of ectopic pregancy

A

salpingitis
scarring from past infections e.g. chlamydia (very common), peritonitis, ruptured appendix
fallopian tube defect
endometriosis
history of ectopic pregnancy
presence of IUD

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20
Q

what are the causes of ectopic pregnancy

A

salpingitis
scarring from past infections e.g. chlamydia (very common), peritonitis, ruptured appendix because it can’t pass through the passageway
fallopian tube defect
endometriosis
history of ectopic pregnancy
presence of IUD

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21
Q

what is a hystero-sono-salipinography

A

hystero = uterus
sono = ultrasound

for patients with severe pain during pregnancy

occurs quite early in pregnancy

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22
Q

what is a hystero-salipingogram

A

contrast enhanced radiological procedure
to find blockages e.g. where the dye doesn’t spill out

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23
Q

is the uterus muscular

A

yes

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24
Q

what is the position of the uterus

A

anteverted & anteflexed

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25
Q

what makes the uterus tilt for better imaging

A

full bladder

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26
Q

what are the 3 tissue layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium = continous with peritoneum

myometrium = smooth muscle

endometrium = implantation, cyclical changes

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27
Q

what is the artery of the uterus

A

uterine artery

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28
Q

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle & the hormones produced

A

follicular phase = growing follice = oestrogen
luteal phase = ruptured follice = progesterone

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29
Q

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle [diagram in notes]

A

follicular = menstruation
follicular = proliferative phase = endometrial repair
luteal = secretory phase = progesterone comes in and thickens the uterine endometrium for nutrients to support embryo
luteal = progesterone keeps being secreted till the placenta can take over. if no pregnancy, progesterone falls away and we go to menstruation

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30
Q

what produces the oestrogens

A

the follicle

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31
Q

how long does the corpus luteum survive during pregnancy

A

up to 7 weeks (till placenta takes over)

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32
Q

where do most uterine cancers occur

A

> 90% in the endometrium

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33
Q

what is a uterine sarcoma

A

cancer of the muscle

34
Q

what is the prognosis for uterine cancer

A

good because it’s diagnosed quite early

35
Q

what is a leiomyoma

A

benign muscle tumour originating from the myometrium & stimulated by oestrogen because it stimulates proliferation

36
Q

what group is more likely to get a leiomyoma & how are they diagnosed

A

women > 50
diagnosed by ultrasound & MRI & biopsy
need to also do chest imaging to rule out metastases

37
Q

what is submucosal

A

endometrial cavity of uterus

38
Q

what is intramural

A

myometrial layer of uterus

39
Q

what is subserosal

A

outer wall of uterus

40
Q

what is pendunculated

A

extends off the outer layer of the uterus

41
Q

what muscle is the breast anchored to

A

pectoralis major

42
Q

what is a common physical feature of tumours on the breast

A

lump created by suspensory ligaments (there are a lot on the breast)

43
Q

where does the breast extend to

A

upper lateral quadrant (under armpit)

44
Q

what is the function of the breast

A

to produce milk

45
Q

what are myoepithelial cells

A

cells with muscular capability e.g. contraction to extract milk

46
Q

can breast cancer metastasise [diagram]

A

it can if it’s not in situ e.g. breaching the basement membrane

47
Q

does the menstrual cycle affect the breast

A

yes, secretory cells at the same time to produce milk

48
Q

when is it best to image the breast

A

5-10th day of cycle (e.g. before luteal phase)

49
Q

what is the endocrine component of the breast during pregnancy

A

progesterone & prolactin increase
number of alveoli increase
prolactin stimulates lactogenesis
progesterone inhibits milk production till placenta comes out during birth

50
Q

what is density grades 1-4 and which is more likely to hide a tumour

A

amount of fat in breasts, dense breasts are more likely to hide a tumour

51
Q

what is an invasive ductal carcinoma

A

most common form of breast cancer that metastasises via lymphs, common in women > 55

52
Q

what is ductal carcinoma in situ

A

breast cancer that may become invasive

53
Q

what is lobular carcinoma in situ

A

breast cancer that peaks in women aged 40-50

54
Q

what do they biopsy when looking for breast cancer

A

inject a radioactive substance or dye into the sentinel lymph

55
Q

what are mammographic features of malignancy

A

asymmetry
microcalcification
mass or distortion
malignant tumours have greater density

56
Q

where do the majority of breast lymps drain

A

axillary lymph nodes

57
Q

what are the lymph pathways that can enable metastases

A

medial pathways through pectoralis major and possibly contralateral breast

58
Q

what happens if the sentinel node is not clear during biopsy

A

it means the surgery required will be more extensive because the tumour has spread

59
Q

what temperature does spermatogenesis occur at

A

body temperature - 2 degrees

35.2 –> 36.8 - 2deg cel

60
Q

what maintains the temperature of sperm

A

scrotum

61
Q

what is dartos

A

a muscle that creates wrinkles in the scrotum to incr. surface area and help cool it down

62
Q

what plexus of veins cools the sperm

A

pampiniform plexus

63
Q

what is an inguinal hernia

A

the testes, like the ovaries starts in the abdominal cavity and takes a fold of peritoneum when it drops down

this space allows intestinal loops to drop down

64
Q

what is the tunica albuginea

A

fibrous capsule around the testis

65
Q

what is the purpose of the testis

A

to produce sperm

66
Q

where is sperm made

A

seminiferous tubules

67
Q

where is sperm stored for maturation

A

epididymis

68
Q

what are sertoli cells

A

cells that support sperm production

69
Q

what are leydig cells

A

cells that produce testosterone

70
Q

how are the testis investigated

A

US

71
Q

is testicular cancer rare

A

yes

72
Q

where does ____ cancer originate from

A

seminiferous tubules

73
Q

what is testicular torsion

A

twisting of the spermatic cord that can be cogenital
diagnosed in adolescents after minor trauma
surgical emergency

74
Q

how is testicular torsion imaged

A

usually needs surgery immediately, but can do a doppler

75
Q

how does sperm move/ become motile

A

prostaglandins, mucus, fructose

76
Q

what passes through the prostate gland, and what is a pathology of this

A

the urethra, can hypertrophy in older males

77
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia & how is it diagnosed

A

normal, non cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
usually close to rectum, so requires a digital rectal exam to check if it’s hypertrophied
then a transrectal US

78
Q

what is the most common cancer in men & how is it diagnosed

A

prostate cancer
elevated PSA or prostatic enlargement, but high false positives
usually asymptomatic

79
Q

does prostate cancer cause a urethral obstruction

A

rarely

80
Q

point to the following:
ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicle
urinary bladder
prostate
epididymis
deep muscles of peritoneum
ductus deferens
spermatic cord
inguinal canal

A

diagram

81
Q

point to the following:
internal os
external os
fundus
posterior fornix of vagina
labium minus
labium majus
fimbriae

A

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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