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Radiography 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is neoplasia

A

new uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control

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2
Q

what is neoplasm

A

abnormal tissue mass that results in mitosis of cells more than usual, or that they should die but don’t

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3
Q

what is a tumour

A

a lump which may not be neoplastic

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4
Q

what is a granuloma

A

tiny cluster of white blood cells and other tissue that can be found in the lungs, head, skin & other body parts. not cancerous but a reaction to inflammation, irritation etc

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5
Q

what is cancer

A

malignancy

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6
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells with normal cell morphology

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7
Q

what is dysplasia

A

pre cancerous state characterised by increased cell proliferation and highly abnormal cell appearance

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8
Q

what is metaplasia

A

conversion of one cell type to another including between tissue specific stem cells

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9
Q

describe the cellular process to cancer

A

normal —> hyperplasia –> dysplasia –> cancer

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10
Q

what is the diff between benign and malignant neoplasms

A

they are both tumours but malignant cells grow rapidly and uncontrollably. they can invade nearby tissues which benign do not

benign will also usually have capsules whereas malignant will have irregular surfaces

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11
Q

what is carcinogenesis

A

malignant conversion between benign hyperplastic cells to a malignant state

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12
Q

what is metastases

A

manifestation of further genetic and epigenetic changes

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13
Q

what is metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body

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14
Q

what are systemic effects of neoplasia

A

cachexia
paraneoplastic syndromes

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15
Q

what is cachexia

A
  • complex metabolic syndrome
  • loss of muscle mass and or loss of fat mass
  • associated with anorexia, inflammatory process, insulin resistance, protein takeover
  • caused by cytokines
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16
Q

what is paraneoplastic syndrome

A

abnormal immune response to tumour with fever, skin, nervous dysfunction

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17
Q

what are the neoplasia classifications

A

ectoderm = tissues on external body surfaces

mesoderm = GIT, heart, skeletal muscle, bone

endoderm = internal body surfaces

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18
Q

what do benign tumour cells have in their suffix

A

-oma

lipoma, fibroma, papiloma

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19
Q

what is a sarcoma & what types of tissue do they arise from

A

often metastasis of the lung

spread by blood

come from haematopoietic tissue like leukaemia & lymphoma

come from connective tissue like cartilage, fat, muscle, bone

20
Q

why is sarcoma common in growing infants and children

A

active mesenchymal tissues (cells that develop into connective tissue)

21
Q

what is carcinoma

A

most common form of cancer that usually spreads via the lymphatic system

22
Q

in what age group are carcinomas more comon

A

adults

23
Q

what cells are carcinomas derived from

A

epithelial e.g. skin cancer or glandular epithelium e.g. breast, lung

24
Q

what are some acquired capabilities of cancer

A

self sufficiency, insensitivity to growth, evasion of programmed cell death, limited replication potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion & metastasis

25
Q

how do tumour cells survive

A
  • changes in metabolic pathways to meet their increased metabolic requirements
  • contain hypoxic cells
  • tumour angiogenesis e.g. network of blood vessels to supply nutrients
26
Q

what are some aetiologies

A
  • genetic alterations
  • carcinogens
  • radiation
  • synthetic hormones
  • chronic inflammation
  • substances
  • hereditary (breast, bowel, stomach, prostate)
  • suppressor genes
  • oncogenes (gene mutations)
27
Q

what are the most common cancers in men (1-3)

A
  1. prostate
  2. lung
  3. colon
28
Q

what are the most common cancers in women (1-3)

A
  1. breast
  2. lung
  3. colon
29
Q

what are the key features of tumour diagnosis

A
  • type (benign/malignant)
  • site (primary or not)
  • mets
30
Q

what factors affect therapy selection

A
  • type of cancer
  • specific features of cancer cells
  • overall aggressiveness
  • primary site
  • potential for mets
  • therapy hazards
  • therapy success
  • patients history
31
Q

what cells need to be removed in order to eradicate a neoplasm

A

stem cells

32
Q

what treatment options are available

A

surgery
radiation therapy to shrink tumours for resection
chemotherapy
immunotherapy

33
Q

what are the risks of cancer surgery

A
  • pain
  • infection
  • damage/ loss of organ function
  • bleeding
  • blood clots
  • tumour fragments
34
Q

how does radiation therapy kill cancer cells

A

apoptosis
cell response is highly oxygen dependent

35
Q

what is the purpose of radiation therapy

A
  • cure
  • control
  • help other treatments
  • just relieve symptoms
36
Q

what is brachytherapy

A

radiation inside the body

37
Q

what is chemotherapy

A

drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill or slow hyperplasia

aims to remove a large proportion of cells so the body’s natural immunity can handle the tumour

38
Q

what are the benefits of using chemo with other treatments

A
  • shrink tumour
  • destroy cells
  • help other treatments work better
  • kill cells that have returned or spread
39
Q

what are acute chemo side effects

A

everything & constipation, easy bruising, bleeding, pain

40
Q

what are long lasting chemo side effects

A
  • damage to lung tissue
  • heart problems
  • infertility
  • kidney problems
  • nerve damage
  • risk of second cancer
41
Q

what is immunotherapy

A

stimulation of the immune system to find and destroy cancer cells via substances made in the body or a laboratory to help the body

42
Q

what is tumour staging

A

size & spread

43
Q

what is tumour grading

A

appearance of cancer cells under a microscope

44
Q

how are staging & grading imaged

A

CT, PET-CT & MRI

45
Q

what is the number staging system

A

0 = in situ
1 = small no spread
2 = grown but not spread
3 = larger, some spread to surrounding tissues or lymphs
4 = spread to at least one other body organ e.g. metastasis or secondary

46
Q

TNM

A

T = tumour
TX = cant be measured
T0 = main tumour can’t be found

N = lymph
N0 = no cancer in nearby lymphs

M = metastasis
M1 = spread to other parts

47
Q

what are the cancer grades

A

1 = resemble normal cells, no rapid growth
2 = don’t look normal, growing faster than normal
3 = abnormal cells are growing faster than normal = poorly differentiated
4 = most abnormal looking cancer cells = undifferentiated

Radiography 1 (13 decks)

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