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microbiology > Microbial Taxonomy L2A > Flashcards

Microbial Taxonomy L2A Flashcards

1
Q

what are examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

prokaryotic: bacteria and archaea

eukaryotic: algae, fungi, protozoa, lichens, slime molds

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2
Q

what processes do ALL microbial cells go under?

A
  • transcription
  • translation
  • metabolism
  • evolve
  • growth and divide
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3
Q

what processes do SOME microbial cells go under?

A
  • taxes and motility
  • differentiation
  • neighbourly communication
  • gene transfer
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4
Q

differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

A
  • DNA
  • no lysosome, nuclear membrane, RER, SER, Golgi or mitochondria in prokaryote
  • no cell wall on eukaryote
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5
Q

Gram Positive cell wall facts

A
  • thick peptidoglycan
  • 90% of cell
  • made as several layers
  • enable IMMUNE SYSTEM RECOGNITION
  • PURPLE bacteria
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6
Q

Gram Negative cell wall facts

A
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • most is second lipid bilayer called outer membrane
  • outer membrane = phospholipid, polysaccharide (linked) and protein
  • stain not retained - STAYS PINK
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7
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • mitochondria arose from the stable residency of an AEROBIC HETEROTROPHIC bacteria
  • chloroplasts arose in a similar manner from a PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIUM
  • Lynn Margulis
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8
Q

2 key premises of the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • structures associating with eukarya
  • at one point they became incorporated into the cell
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9
Q

evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain small amounts of their own DNA -> found in closed circular form with sequences that we can relate back to a bacterium.
  • Both contain their own ribosomes which are 70S and sequence of genes encoding rNA.
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10
Q

what does Streptomycin inhibit?

A
  • protein synthesis by 70S ribosome ( same with mitochondria and chloroplasts)
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11
Q

what could the last universal common ancestor do?

A
  • Exploit chemical energy
  • Metabolise and excrete
  • Shape determination
  • Response to environmental challenges
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12
Q

what are chronometers?

A

the difference in nucleotide or amino acid sequence of functionally homologous macromolecules

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13
Q

what is molecular phylogeny?

A

DNA mutates therefore differences in DNA between individuals can infer evolutionary relationships

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14
Q

what does the idea of evolutionary chronometer state?

A

2 organisms separation = to number of differences in sequence of common macromolecule

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15
Q

what do chronometers need to be?

A
  • universally distributed
  • functionally homologous
  • able to be aligned
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16
Q

using chronometers to measure over large distances?

A

rate of sequences must be very slow

17
Q

what are the 3 tested and useful chronometers

A
  • rNA
  • ATPase
  • Rec A
18
Q

what did Carl Woese realise about rna?

A
  • rNA molecules can infer evolutionary relationships
  • rNA excellent candidate for phylogeny: universal, conserved, constant, adequate length
19
Q

what did Carl woese identify?

A
  • archaea as separate domain to bacteria and eukarya
20
Q

overview of rRNA sequencing

A
  1. Isolate DNA
  2. Amplify 16S gene
  3. Check size
  4. Sequence
  5. Align and produce phylogenetic tree
21
Q

2 importances of rRNA sequencing?

A
  • Molecular biology and sequencing
  • Understand and classify microbes
22
Q

what are two types of molecular taxonomy?

A

ribotyping

genomic fingerprinting

23
Q

what is ribotyping?

A
  • based on rRNA but no sequencing
  • DNA digested and probed with rRNA Probe -> restriction pattern on gel unique to each species
24
Q

what is genomic fingerprinting?

A
  • Restriction endonucleases cut DNA
  • run on gel to generate specific patterns and comparison of patterns to separate strains.
25
Q

what is a species?

A

Population of individuals that can INTERBREED to produce fertile offspring and they are reproductively isolated from other populations

26
Q

do prokaryotes have species?

A

no

27
Q

what are microbes classified as?

A

phylogenetic species concept

28
Q

what is phylogenetic species concept

A

“group of strains that share certain characteristic traits and which are GENETICALLY COHESIVE and share a most recent common ancestor

29
Q

why don’t prokaryotes have species?

A

Prokaryotes are haploid and reproduce asexually

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