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Microbiology > evolution of immunity - L7 > Flashcards

evolution of immunity - L7 Flashcards

1
Q

define immune system

A

a system of structures and processes to protect against infection

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2
Q

what are two secondary functions of the immune system

A

autoimmunity

allergy

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3
Q

what is innate immunity

A

defence system we were born with

genetically programmes

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4
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A

where immune system destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules

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5
Q

what occurs in the primary lymphoid organs

A

where lymphocytes reproduced and mature

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6
Q

what are examples of primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow

thymus

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7
Q

what are secondary lymphoid organs

A

highly organised and structures of mature lymphocytes

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8
Q

what are examples of secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen

lymph nodes

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9
Q

why is compartmentalisation important for secondary lymphoid organs

A

allows dendritic cells, T cells, B cells to communicate and drive adaptive immune response

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10
Q

how do immune cells arise in haumatopoeisis

A

from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

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11
Q

what does the common lymphoid and myeloid progenitor do

A

Differentiate through various steps to give rise to multiple cells of immune system

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12
Q

what do pluripotent haemotopoietic stem cells give rise to in bone marrow

A

common lymphoid progenitor

common myeloid progenitor

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13
Q

what does a mast cell precursor differentiate into

A

differentiates into macrophages in tissues

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14
Q

what do common myeloid progenitors give rise to

A

MACROPHAGE/DC PROGENITOR (MDP) which gives rise to COMMON DC PROGENITOR (CDP)

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15
Q

how many genes in organisms are devoted to immunity

A

10%

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16
Q

can pathogens outside body be detected by antibodies

A

yes

17
Q

can pathogens inside body be detected by antibodies

A

no - they’re invisible

18
Q

what do B cells and T cells do

A

express numerous receptors to recognise any type of antigen

19
Q

what is the B cell receptor

A

the antibody

20
Q

what do most T cells have

A

alpha and beta subunit

small number of them are gamma and delta

21
Q

what do naive T cells require

A

co-stimulation fro antigen presenting cell to become activated

22
Q

what is anticipatory immunity

A

Ability of the immune system is already present before exposure to pathofen

23
Q

what is the anticipatory states

A

ability to respond is already present before the appearance of a pathogen

24
Q

what is the adaptive state

A

the ability to respond develops during the lifetime of an individual once the pathogen has been seen in response to particular features of the pathogen

25
Q

what is the bacterial immune system

A

CRISPR

26
Q

what happens after phage infection in CRISPR

A

some bacteria acquire phage derived spacer

27
Q

what does the CAS protein

A

long RNA -> short RNA fragments which associate with more CAS protein

28
Q

what does the short RNA with CAS bind to

A

phage nucleic acid and degrades it

29
Q

why is CRISPR important

A

acts as memory for the bacteria

remember the infection by recording it in the genome (adaptive)

pass this resistance to their descendants (heritability)

30
Q

name 2 models of innate immunity

A
  • cells express a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognise a particular pathogen molecular pattern (PAMP)
  • cells express a PRR that recognise a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP)
31
Q

what do receptors do

A

can activate or inhibit responses

Can recognise self and pathogenic ligands

32
Q

What is monoclonal antibody

A

Man made antibody for a single antigen

33
Q

How does crisper work

A

Edits genes by precisely cutting dna and then letting natural dna repair processes to take over

Microbiology (15 decks)

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