Therapeutic orientations

Question 1

what is the most effective treatment so far

Answer 1

cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Question 2

what was the earliest organized therapy for mental disorders? define it

Answer 2

• psychoanalysis (made famous in the 20th century by Freud)
• mental issues are rooted in unconscious conflicts/desires
• long term, many times a week for years

Question 3

what did freud suggest mental health problems arise from initially

Answer 3

efforts to push inappropriate sexual urges out of conscious awareness

Question 4

what did freud suggest later that mental health problem arise from the tension of?

Answer 4

• the id, superego, and ego
• id: pleasure driven unconscious urges
• superego: semi-conscious, morals, judgement, expectations
• ego: partially conscious, mediator

Question 5

what is psychodynamic therapy

Answer 5

Treatment applying psychoanalytic principles in a briefer, more individualized format.
- reliving distress not changing the person

Question 6

what is free association

Answer 6

• psychodynamic therapy
• patient reports thoughts that come to mind w out censorship

Question 7

to or f: In Freudian theory, dreams contain only manifest (or literal) content

Answer 7

false, they also contain latent (or symbolic) content

Question 8

what type of therapy involves the therapist plays a receptive role—interpreting the patient’s thoughts and behaviour based on clinical experience and theory

Answer 8

psychoanalytic

Question 9

what is transference and countertransference

Answer 9

transference: when a patient transfers their emotions (ie anger) for ppl onto the therapist
countertransference: therapist projecting emotions on the patient

Question 10

disadvantages of psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 10

• expensive
• lack of empirical support for how effective it is
• not appropriate for patients w intellectual disabilities/severe psychoanalysis

Question 11

what is PCT

Answer 11

• person-centered therapy
• create a supportive enviro for self-discovery
• problems come from inconsistency between behaviours and true personal identity
• developed by Carl Rogers
• non judgemental/empathetic, unconditional positive regard

Question 12

what should patients expect in PCT?

Answer 12

vulnerability to anxiety, which motivates the desire to change, and an appreciation for the therapist’s support.
- therapists take a passive role, guiding growth

Question 13

pros and cons for PCT

Answer 13

pros: rewarding, ties into other therapy
cons: not specific to the person, mixed efficiency findings

Question 14

what is the goal of CBT

Answer 14

to change the thoughts and behaviours that influence psychopathology
- shows how thoughts connect to emotions, which connect to a behaviour
- focused on the now
- make adaptive not maladaptive appraisals (evaluations)

Question 15

what is the average length of CBT

Answer 15

12-16 weeks

Question 16

what are automatic thoughts

Answer 16

that that occur spontaneously, problematic thoughts encourages mental disorders

Question 17

who developed CBT? when?

Answer 17

Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis in the mid 20th century

Question 18

what are the three schemas/belief systems that automatic thoughts arise from?

Answer 18

• beliefs about self
• beliefs about the world
• beliefs about the future

Question 19

define reappraisal/cognitive restructuring

Answer 19

process of identifying, evaluating, and changing maladaptive thoughts in psychotherapy

Question 20

what type of therapy can include exposure therapy?

Answer 20

CBT

Question 21

pros and cons for CBT

Answer 21

pros: cost effective, brief, logical, lots of empirical evidence of success
cons: significant effort on patients (homework)

Question 22

what is Ellis’ ABC model?

Answer 22

• chain between emotional and behavioural responses to events
• A=antecedent event B=belief C=consequence

Question 23

T or f: mindfulness is a fairly new concept in therapy

Answer 23

false, it is born out of age old Buddhist and yoga techniques

Question 24

what is MBT

Answer 24

• a non-judgemental yet attentive state
• focus on body sensations, thoughts and outside enviro
• accepting thoughts
• types: mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Question 25

what are the two components to mindfulness?

Answer 25

• self regulation of attention
• orientation toward present moment

Question 26

CBT vs MBCT

Answer 26

CBT: focuses on “pushing out” the maladaptive thought
MBCT: focuses on “not getting caught up” in it

Question 27

what other types of therapy uses mindfulness and acceptance as tools?

Answer 27

• DBT (dialectical behaviour therapy)
• treats borderline personality disorder

Question 28

distress tolerance

Answer 28

ways to cope with maladaptive thoughts and emotions in the moment, alternatives

Question 29

dialectical worldview

Answer 29

seeing both good and bad in the world

Question 30

pros and cons of MBT

Answer 30

pros: acceptability, accessibility
cons: efficiency research lacking

Question 31

ACT therapy

Answer 31

• acceptance and commitment therapy
• ## observe thoughts from a detached perceptive

Question 32

pros of tech in regards to therapy

Answer 32

• accessible
• ## cognitive bias modification (using games to challenge thoughts) ex game where you avoid alcohol, you will later avoid drinking/less pressured

Question 33

comorbidity

Answer 33

• state of having 1+ psychological/physical disorder at once

Question 34

integrative or eclectic psychotherapy

Answer 34

approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements)

Question 35

During a session, Dr. Davidson asks his client, Jorge, to lay back on the sofa and close his eyes. “Just say anything that comes into your mind, and don’t worry at all about what it means,” he instructs Jorge. This technique is called:

dream analysis.
free association.
word association.
analysis of resistance.
transference.

Answer 35

free association.

Question 36

Why has it been difficult for research to establish a solid answer to the question of whether person-centered therapy (PCT) is, overall, an effective approach to treating clients?

• PCT is based almost exclusively on a White, Western European, male-centric model of how therapy should be conducted..
• The research that has examined PCT has only looked at conditions where therapy clients had very low (or less severe) forms of psychopathology..
• PCT’s techniques can be applied by anyone, trained or untrained, and thus do not rise to the level of professional therapy..
• PCT is based on nonspecific treatment factors, without considering specific treatment factors to directly target a given mental problem..
• Because the foundation of PCT is the use of 12-step anonymous programs, it is all but impossible to gather true data about the impact it has on its clients.

Answer 36

PCT is based on nonspecific treatment factors, without considering specific treatment factors to directly target a given mental problem..

Question 37

The foundational premise of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is that:

• Maladaptive actions are learned and can be unlearned and replaced with adaptive actions..
• Childhood conflicts and unconscious impulses exceed the capacity of defense mechanisms to keep them outside of consciousness..
• There is a fundamental mismatch between a person’s real self and ideal self, which leads to inappropriate actions..
• People experience distress and unhappiness when they refuse to face painful or difficult experiences or memories from their lives..
• Thoughts, actions, and emotions interact and contribute to psychopathology.

Answer 37

Thoughts, actions, and emotions interact and contribute to psychopathology.

Question 38

Cognitive ______refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and changing maladaptive thoughts in psychotherapy.

de-escalation.
adaptation.
alteration.
development.
restructuring.

Answer 38

restructuring

Question 39

Which therapeutic strategy, that emphasizes simultaneous acceptance and change, is often used for the treatment of borderline personality disorder?

Psychodynamic reappraisal therapy.
Person-centered restructuring.
Dialectical behavior therapy.
Cognitive behavior therapy.
Directive Gestalt therapy.

Answer 39

Dialectical behavior therapy.

Question 40

what two principals are used in behavioural therapy

Answer 40

operant and classical conditioning