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Human physiology > human physiology exam 3 > Flashcards

human physiology exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the 3 separate but related function of respiration are

A

ventilation
Gas exchange
oxygen utilization

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2
Q

this is breathing, a mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs

A

ventilation

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3
Q

occurs between air and blood in the lung and between blood and other tissues

A

Gas exchange

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4
Q

required in the electron transport system as the final electron acceptor.

A

Oxygen untilization

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5
Q

____ can diffuse in the blood as it is more concentrated in the air.

A

Oxygen (ventilation)

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6
Q

gas exchange between the air and blood occurs entirely by diffusion and therefore requires____

A

ATP (ventilation)

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7
Q

high to low blood pressure(from air to blood)
CO2 back into the lungs is also down a concentration gradient.
Blood leaving the lungs (pulmonary vein) has a high ___ and low___ concentration

A

oxygen, Co2 (Ventilation)

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8
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs at around

A

30 million

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9
Q

site of gas exchange is the

A

pulmonary vein

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10
Q

diffusion rate depends on the distance between ____ and ____-

A

alveoli air, capillary blood

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11
Q

the rate of diffusion in the lungs depends on the distance between the alveoli air and capillary blood

A

pulmonary alveoli

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12
Q

2 types of alveolar cells are

A

Type 1 and type 2

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13
Q

comprise 95-97% of the total lung surface area and therefore most of the gas exchange occurs there. The most abundant.

A

Type 1

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14
Q

these cells secrete surfactant (reduce surface tension) and prevent fluid build up.

A

Type 2

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15
Q

to maximize the rate of diffusion, the most important factors are ______ and _____ between the air and the blood.

A

surface area and distance

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16
Q

becomes interspersed between water molecules at the water-air interface which reduces the hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface, by reducing surface tension.

A

surfactant

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17
Q

Hydrogen bond (surfactant)

A

weakest bond

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18
Q

the ability of surfactant to lower surface tension improves as alveoli get smaller during

A

expiration

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19
Q

surfactant prevents alveoli from collapsing during_______

A

respiration

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20
Q

newborns without ____ have great difficulty in ___

A

surfactant, breathing

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21
Q

there is still ______ in surfactant after forceful respiration

A

residual volume.

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22
Q

includes all anatomical structures, air passes before reaching respiratory zone

A

conducting zone

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23
Q

the region where gas exchange occurs includes the bronchioles, and the terminal alveolar sacs.

A

repiratory zone

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24
Q

visual display of someone breathing

A

Spirogram

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25
Q

the four non overlapping components of total lung capacity are ___ (lung volumes)

A

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume

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26
Q

the volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle

A

tidal volume

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27
Q

Maximum volume of gas exchange that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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28
Q

maximum volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing plus tidal volume

A

expiratory reserve volume

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29
Q

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration (because alveoli and bronchioles do not collapse)

A

Residual volume

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30
Q

measurements that are sum of 2 or more lungs volumes

A

lung capacity

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31
Q

4 lung capacity

A

Total lung capacity
vital capacity
inspiration capacity
functional residual capacity

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32
Q

the total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

A

total lung capacity

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33
Q

the maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

A

vital capacity

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34
Q

the maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration(tidal volume + Inspiration reserve volume)

A

inspiration capacity

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35
Q

amount of gas remaining in lungs after normal tidal expiration (expiration reserve volume + residual volume)

A

functional residual capacity

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36
Q

the volume at rest multiplied by the number of breaths per minute

A

total minute volume (around 6L/minute))

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37
Q

vital capacity =

A

IRV+TV+ERV

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38
Q

Functional residual capacity =

A

RV+ERV

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39
Q

Tidal volume(#breaths/min)=

A

total minute volume

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40
Q

The pressure created is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius of the alveolus.

A

Laplace law

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41
Q

In Laplace law, pressure in the smaller alveolus would be _____ than in the larger alveolus.

A

greater

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42
Q

down nasal cavity >Pharynx > larynx > Trachea > R/L primary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > terminal bronchioles > respiratory zone >terminal alveolar sacs

A

Gas exchange: pathway of air

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43
Q

Ventilation

A

air moves from high to low pressure

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44
Q

Pressure differences between the 2 ends of conducting zone occur due to changing lung volume. Compliance, elasticity, and surface tension are important physical properties of the lung.

A

ventilation

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45
Q

types of pressure

A

atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure

46
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

pressure of air outside the body

47
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in the lungs

48
Q

pressure within the intrapleural space (between parietal and visceral pleural) contain a thin layer of fluid to serve as lubricant.

A

intrapleural pressure

49
Q

differences in intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure is called the____(intrapleural pressure)

A

transpulmonary pressure

50
Q

lower than intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure in both inspiration and expiration. Keeps the lungs against the thoracic wall and allows the lungs to expand during inspiration

A

intrapleural pressure

51
Q

structure of respiratory system

A

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

52
Q

pressure differences when breathing

A

Inspiration (inhalation)
Expiration (exhalation)

53
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. pressure below that of the atmosphere is called______

A

Inhalation, sub-atmospheric or negative pressure. (about -3mmHg)

54
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

A

Expiration (about +3mmHg)

55
Q

states that the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

A

Boyle’s law

56
Q

an increase in lung volume during inspiration decreases intrapulmonary pressure to subatomic levels (air goes in)

A

Boyle’s law

57
Q

a decrease in lung volume during expiration increases intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric levels (air goes out)

A

Boyles’s law

58
Q

ATM pressure at sea level

A

760mmHg

59
Q

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of pressure of each gas in it.

A

Dalton’s law

60
Q

the pressure of an individual gas can be measured by multiplying the % of the gas by the total pressure (ex: O2 makes up 21% of the atmosphere, so partial pressure of O2 = 760*21=159mmHg)

A

partial pressure(dalton’s law)

61
Q

for a given pressure, volume is proportional to temperature. Gas expands when heated unless trapped inside the middle ear/nasal cavity, pressure increases

A

Charles’ Law

62
Q

Low O2 content in the blood or tissue

A

Hypoxia

63
Q

the time between the interruption of O2 supply and the point at which individuals are no longer capable of taking proper corrective and protective action (less than 1 min)

A

Time of Useful Consciousness(TUC)

64
Q

equalize pressure between middle ear and environment

A

Eustachian tube function

65
Q

Relationship available between oxygen and amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin.
-S shaped
-sigmoidal

A

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

66
Q

An ion containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

A

hemoglobin

67
Q

has 4 subunits (quaternary) and each subunit can carry 1 molecule of oxygen, therefore a complete hemoglobin molecule can carry 4.

A

hemoglobin

68
Q

T form of hemoglobin

A

T= Tense
deoxygenated (unbound)

69
Q

R form of hemoglobin
* by the time blood exits pulmonary circulation, hemoglobin will be 100% saturated with oxygen (4 molecules bound)

A

R= relaxed
does not require high PO2 to allow oxygen binding

70
Q

an oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. (behaves as single T-state hemoglobin)

A

myoglobin

71
Q

Favor unloading, Increase in CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, hydrogen ions (lower ph)

A

Oxygen dissociation curve Shift right

72
Q

favor oxygen loading, decrease CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, hydrogen ions (higher pH)

A

Oxygen dissociation curve shift to the left

73
Q

The loading reaction for hemoglobin refers to

A

the combination of oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

74
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociates to yield deoxyhemoglobin and free oxygen molecules, occurs in the systemic capillaries

A

unloading reaction

75
Q

Limiting factor on dissociation curve

A

PO2 in the environment
Affinity bond strength between hemoglobin and oxygen

76
Q

Not all O2 is unloaded at___

A

tissues (reserve O2 in blood can keep you alive for aprx 5 min)

77
Q

Shift to right due to increase in H+ ions

A

Bohr effect

78
Q

What would the curve look like with carbon monoxide

A

Shift to the left
sigmoid shape is inspired

79
Q

has two gamma chains in place of beta chains (adult)
can not bind to 2,3 DPG (an adult can)
has a higher affinity for CO2(cause CO2 to be transferred from A to F in placenta)

A

Fatal hemoglobin (differ from adult)

80
Q

Muscle myoglobin

A

red pigment found in skeltal and cardiac muscles

81
Q

similar to hemoglobin but with 1 heme, so it can only carry 1 oxygen molecule. Higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin (favors O2 loading)

A

muscle myoglobin

82
Q

sores oxygen and serves as go-between in transferring oxygen from blood to mitochondria

A

muscle myoglobin

83
Q

3 ways CO2 is carried by blood

A

Dissolved in plasma
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ionmost common

84
Q

enzymes that speeds up the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells

A

carbonic anhydrase

85
Q

enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells (in red blood cells rather than plasma, most carbonic acid is in the red blood cell)

A

carbonic anhydrase

86
Q

the movement of chloride ions into the red blood cells as bicarbonate moves out to maintain electrochemical equilibrium (pH of blood)

A

Chloride shift (in)

87
Q

Hemoglobin will _____ the release of H+ by carbonic acid

A

buffers(resist changes in pH)

88
Q

Production of carbon acid ____ the ability of the blood to transport carbon dioxide

A

increase (favor oxygen unloading by shift curve to the right)

89
Q

As blood goes through systemic capillaries, the carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid. Operates in pulmonary capillaries

A

Reverse chloride shift (out)

90
Q

Chloride and reverse chloride shift are example of what system

A

Chemical buffering system

91
Q

unction of circulatory system

A

Transportation- respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste
Regulation-Hormonal and temperature
Protection_ clotting and immunity

92
Q

Constituents of blood

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

93
Q

Plasma proteins

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

94
Q

creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure

A

albumins

95
Q

Alpha and beta -transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Gama- antibodies that function in immunity

A

globulins

96
Q

Helps in clotting after becoming fibrin (serum=blood without fibrin)

A

fibrinogen

97
Q

property of platelets to adhere to an injured surface and then attract other platelets,

A

platelets aggregation

98
Q

Plasma digests fibrin.

A

Dissolution of clots

99
Q

clotting can be prevented with certain drugs:

A

Calcium chelators (sodium citrate or EDTA)
Heparin: blocks thrombin
Coumadin: inhibits vitamin K

100
Q

clotting factors: formation of fibrin

A

Intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway

101
Q

Activated by exposure to collagen. factor VII activates a cascade of other blood factors

A

intrinsic pathway

102
Q

initiated by tissue thromboplastin (factor III). This pathway is more direct. Next calcium and phospholipids convert prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin, which convert fibrinogen to fibrin

A

extrinsic pathway

103
Q

platelets bind to collagen, von Willebrand factor holds them there and platelets recruit more platelets and form a platelet plug by secreting ADP (sticky platelets), serotonin (vasoconstriction), or thromboxane A (sticky platelets and vasoconstriction)

A

formation of platelets plug

104
Q

Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood, producing ____

A

vasoconstriction
Inhibit platelet aggregation and CD#( which breaks down ADP to AMP and Pi to inhibit platelet aggregation further

105
Q

Identity 4 anticoagulants

A

Aspirin
Coumarin
Heparin
Citrate

106
Q

inhibits prostaglandin production, resulting in defective palette release reaction

A

Aspirin

107
Q

inhibits activation of vitamin K which is required for blood clotting

A

Coumarin

108
Q

inhibits the activity of thrombin by activating antithrombin III. It is given during medical procedure to prevent clotting

A

Heparin

108
Q

combines with calcium, and thus inhibits the activity of many clotting factors

A

citrate

109
Q

The contact way activates a plasma protein called factor XII, which is protease. When active, factor XII in turn activates another blood clotting factor, which activated yet another. the plasma

A

role of factor XII in the dissolution clots

110
Q

3 different clotting pathway

A

intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathway

Human physiology (6 decks)

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