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human physiology > Human Physiology exam 4 > Flashcards

Human Physiology exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

A drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting accumulation of CO2 (accumulation of carbonic acid-fall in blood pH)

A

respiratory acidosis

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2
Q

A rise in blood pH due to hyperventilation (excessive breathing) and a resulting decrease in CO2 and carbonic acid

A

respiratory alkalosis

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3
Q

increased in the production of nonvolatile acids (lactic acid, fatty acid, ketone bodies) or loss of blood bicarbonate (pH below normal) causes diarrhea.

A

metabolic acidosis

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4
Q

rise in blood pH due to loss of nonvolatile acids or excessive accumulation of bicarbonate ions. Causes excessive vomiting

A

metabolic alkalosis

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5
Q

kidney

A

renal

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6
Q

Primary function of kidneys

A

Filter blood
regulates extracellular fluid (plasma interstitial fluid) by the formation of urine (modified filtrate of plasma)

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7
Q

the kidney regulates

A

volume of blood (contributes to blood pressure)
Plasma concentration)
Plasma concentration(waste products)

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8
Q

The kidney also regulate

A

concentration of electrolytes (Na+, K+, HCO3)
pH plasma
Formation of red blood cells.

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9
Q

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

A

renal artery

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10
Q

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.

A

renal vein

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11
Q

Two major regions of the kidney

A

cortex
Medulla

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12
Q

Two types of nephrons are

A

Cortical (primary in the cortex)
Juxtamedullary (close to medulla)
(longer loop = more water kept)

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13
Q

urine Formation

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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14
Q

Physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes.

A

Osmoality

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15
Q

Osmoality

A

300 = isotonic to blood (same)
100 = hypotonic(lower concentration)
1200 = hypertonic (higher concentration)

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16
Q

The primary regulator of erythropoiesis
-producer RBC and hemoglobin
-produced by the kidneys (in response to tissue hypoxia (low O2))
- replace red blood cells (die daily)
-^ secretion of erythropoietin occurs in ^ altitude or lung disease.

A

Erythropoietin

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17
Q

RBC production is found in

A

spongy bone marrow

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18
Q

Stages of Erythropoiesis (1-3)

A
  1. Hemocytoblast (stem cell)- probably pluripotent
  2. proerythroblast
  3. Erythroblast
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19
Q

Stages of Erythropoiesis (4-6)

A
  1. normoblast (nucleus still present)
  2. reticulocyte (no nucleus)
  3. erythrocytes - can now be released into blood
    *takes 3 days
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20
Q

-red blood cell, life expectancy = 120 days, removed by the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, iron is recycled, 2.5 million produced/sec, genetically synthesized erythrocytes -banned for performance enhancement (doping)

A

Erythrocytes

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

involves production of leukocytes (WBC)

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22
Q

Production of red blood cells and hemoglobin require

A

iron
B12
folic acid

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23
Q

determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

A

Hemoglobin concentration

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24
Q

Anemia

A

low hemoglobin concentration

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25
Q

Polycythemia

A

high hemoglobin concentration(high altitudes)

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26
Q

erythropoietin is stimulated when the amount of O2 delivered to the kidneys is ___ than normal or by __

A

lower
testosterone (explains why men have higher concentrations of hemoglobin)

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27
Q

average total blood volume

A

5.5 L

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28
Q

Kidneys produce apx___ L/day of blood

A

180 (most must be recycled -returned to vascular system)

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29
Q

Only apx __ m urine is excreted daily.

A

1.5 (98%-99% is reabsorbed)

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30
Q

Kidneys are hormones (renal/urinary system) also effect ___ system

A

cardiovascular system (work together to regulate blood volume)

31
Q

also involved in hormone blood volume
increase blood volume -sensors stretch receptors in atria= decrease sympathetic nerve stimulation to renal arteries- vasodilation
increase in blood flow = increase in urine output

A

sympathetic nervous system

32
Q

regulation of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

retain water
regulate blood volume

33
Q

Increase in plasma osmoality when plasma is more concentrated
*dehydration
*excessive salt intake

A

regulation of ADH

34
Q

produce by neurons in the hypothalamus- transported by axons into the posterior pituitary, and release from storage to hypothalamic stimulationgland in response

A

ADH regulation

35
Q

Release from ADH when the hypothalamus detects an increase in blood plasma osmolality

A

Regulation of ADH

36
Q

sensation of thirst
^ water intake
^ amt of ADH released from posterior pituitary

A

Osmoreceptors

37
Q

water reabsorption from the filtrate (primarily works at collecting duct)
increase ADH secretion, decrease urine volume
decrease ADH, decrease reabsorption of water
increase urine volume

A

ADH stimulates

38
Q

Diuretic

A

substances that promotes urine formation (water)

39
Q

Caffeine ____ ADH production

A

blocks

40
Q

General rule in the body: water will ___ salt

A

follow

41
Q

Maintain salt by maintaining blood volume/ blood pressure
retention of salt indirectly promotes the retention of water.
^ aldosterone ^ Blood volume
Does not dilute blood (no effect on osmolality because water and salt absorb equally)

A

regulation by Aldosterone

42
Q

Stimulates reabsorption of salt by the kidneys
Secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

43
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (in kidneys)

44
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

secretes renin in response to blood volume
(results= drink more, retain more slat, urinate less- ^ blood volume)

45
Q

convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II (ACE)

A

renin

46
Q

salt deprivation decreases blood volume, decrease blood pressure = ____
increase blood pressure ____

A

increase angiotensin II
decrease renin production (no renin = no angiotensin II)

47
Q

most direct effect = contraction of smooth muscles in vessels (vasoconstriction). ^ peripheral resistance ^ blood pressure

A

Angiotensin II = ^ blood pressure

48
Q

Stimulates thirst sensor in hypothalamus.
stimulates aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex

A

Angiotensin II + promotes ^ blood volume

49
Q

fenestrae

A

the capillary pores of the glomerular

50
Q

the glomerulus is surrounded by

A

Bowman’s capsule

51
Q

Bowman’s has filtration slits that allow _____ together with dissolved ____ to pass from blood plasma to the inside capsule.
* still prevents passage of blood cell

A

water, solutes

52
Q

Three layers of barriers in glomerular filtration
(plasma protein has a hard time getting through due to large size and charge )

A
  1. Capillary fenestrae
  2. Glomerular basement
  3. Podocytes
    (all dissolved plasma solutes pass easily through all 3 barriers)
53
Q

large enough to allow the protein to pass but surrounded by charges that prevents a barrier

A

Capillary fenestrae

54
Q

epithelium, foot process (attached to the basement membrane. Soma floats in fluid in the glomerular)

A

Podocytes

55
Q

epithelium, foot process (attached to the basement membrane. Soma floats in fluid in the glomerular)

A

Podocytes

56
Q

proteinuria

A

protein in the urine (bad)

57
Q

Vasoconstriction or dilation of afferent arterioles changes____ (regulation of glomerular filtration rate)

A

filtration rate

58
Q

Regulation of glomerular filtration rate

A

Extrinsic regulation (via the sympathetic nervous system)
intrinsic regulation (from kidneys called renal autoregulation)

59
Q

Afferent arterioles dilate when arterial pressure falls toward ____. Constrict when rise above normal (glomerular filtration rate))

A

70 mmHg

60
Q

Volume filtrate produce by both kidneys/ min (avg 150ml/min = women 125ml/min-men)

A

GFR

61
Q

can vary the rate of osmosis by inserting aquaporins

A

aquaporins (collecting duct: effect of ADH)

62
Q

pituitary secretes arginine which function as

A

ADH (collecting duct: effect of ADH)

63
Q

ADH secretion i very sensitive (1% ^ in plasma osmolality can affect ADH).
Help regulate salt and water balance

A

(collecting duct: effect of ADH)

64
Q

ADH (collecting duct: effect of ADH)

A

^ water permeability of collecting duct

65
Q

Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and CL- from thick portion of ascending limb (right side)
Stimulate urea transporters in the inner medullary collecting duct (contributes to water reabsorption)

A

Vasopressin supplement effect

66
Q

Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and CL- from thick portion of ascending limb (right side)
Stimulate urea transporters in the inner medullary collecting duct (contributes to water reabsorption)

A

Vasopressin supplement effect

67
Q

Homeostasis of plasma concentration is amintained by

A

ADH

68
Q

a measure of how well the kidney remove substance from the blood

A

Renal plasma clearnace

69
Q

transport of molecules out of tubular filtrate back into the blood (reduce renal clearance)

A

reabsorption

70
Q

When substances are actively transported into the renal tubules. (increase renal clearance)

A

secretion

71
Q

Excretion rate equation

A

(filtration + secretion) - reabsorption

72
Q

If neither reabsorbed or secreted, excreted rate=

A

filtration rate (e.g. inulin, creatine)

73
Q

Inulin/urea has to pass through the kidneys a couple times before it can be completely cleared

A

clearance PAH

74
Q

Par-aminohippuric acid (PAH): is secreted so rapidly that the average person can clear about ___ of the PAH from the plasma flowing through the kidneys and excrete it in the urine. For this reason, the rate of PAH clearance can be used to estimate the renal plasma flow

A

90%

human physiology (6 decks)

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