Physiology

Question 1

Nervous system

Answer 1

Uses electro-chemical impulses to illicit a responses (mis)

Question 2

chemical messenger released directly into the blood by an endocrine gland

Answer 2

Hormone

Question 3

influences numerous body functions including, growth and development, electrolyte balance, water, nutrient balance, cellular metabolism, energy balance, reproduction and immunity.

Answer 3

Endocrine system

Question 4

Example of endocrine glands

Answer 4

Pituitary glands
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pineal glands
hypothalamus (neuroendocrine)
pancreases
gonads

Question 5

Hormones make contact with all cells but only alter the action of the cell that has the adequate receptor, the ____

Answer 5

target cell (must have a specific receptor for a specific hormone)

Question 6

At ________ the hormone will either increase or decrease rates of normal cell processes. One _____ may have a different effect on different cell.

Answer 6

target cell
hormone

Question 7

Hormonal stimulus

Answer 7

alters plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential
stimulates synthesis of protein to enzyme

Question 8

Hormonal stimulus

Answer 8

activates or deactivates enzymes
induces secretion
stimulates mitosis

Question 9

Hormonal receptor interaction = target cell activation depends on________ long periods of concentration causes ______

Answer 9

blood levels of the hormone
down-regulation

Question 10

Hormonal receptor interaction = target cell activation depends also on ______ an increase causes

Answer 10

number of receptors on or in the target cell
up-regulation

Question 11

Hormonal receptor interaction = target cell activation depends on______

Answer 11

affinity (strength) of binding

Question 12

Control of hormone release

Answer 12

negative feedback

Question 13

negative feed back

Answer 13

keeps levels in a “normal” range

Question 14

Endocrine gland stimulates

Answer 14

Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
hormonal stimuli

Question 15

secrete hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of critical ions and nutrients, simplest control

Answer 15

Humoral stimuli

Question 16

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release (sympathetic stimulation on adrenal gland)

Answer 16

Neural stimuli

Question 17

release hormones in response to hormones (pituitary and hypothalamus)

Answer 17

Hormonal stimuli

Question 18

it provides the acidic condition for weak pepsinogen enzymes to be sufficiently active to remove the inhibitory portion from another pepsinogen enzyme, forming the fully active pepsin enzyme.

Answer 18

function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 19

function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Answer 19

food protein are denatured making them more easily digested

Question 20

provides a pH sufficiently acidic for the pepsin enzyme, with a pH optimum of 1.6-2.4

Answer 20

function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Question 21

Which part of the body are enzymes found

Answer 21

mouth
stomach
duodenum
Small intestine

Question 22

Transport maximum

Answer 22

the maximum rate at which substance can be reabsorbed by the kidney tubules.

Question 23

Renal plasma threshold

Answer 23

plasma concentration of a substance at which it first appears in the urine

Question 24

why does people with diabetes mellitus have glycosuria

Answer 24

because high blood glucose levels saturate glucose transporters in the kidney tubules, leading to spillover of glucose in the urine

Question 25

Describe urine buffers

Answer 25

urine buffers are substances in the urine that help maintain the pH of urine within a normal range.

Question 26

main buffers of urine

Answer 26

ammonia which is produced in the liver, transported to the kidney, and discharge in urine as ammonium.

Question 27

What is portal vein system

Answer 27

vein capillary-vein

Question 28

List enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion

Answer 28

salivary amylase
pancreatic amylase

Question 29

enzyme involve in protein in protein digestion

Answer 29

pepsin
pancreatic juice enzyme
endopeptidases
Exopeptidases

Question 30

How does bile aid in digestion?

Answer 30

breaks down fat to small particles in chemical digestion to prepare for absorption

Question 31

absorption of triglycerides vs amino acids

Answer 31

tri- secrete into the central lacteals, which are lymphatic capillaries
amino- enter blood capillaries

Question 32

Many hormones and drugs are made less toxic nd more water soluble by

Answer 32

hydroxylation and conjugation reaction

Question 33

Toxic porphyrins are converted into ______ and toxic ammonia is converted into _______

Answer 33

bilirubin
urea

Question 34

Absorption of water across the intestinal wall occurs

Answer 34

passively (does not require energy)

Question 35

the passage of products of digestion across the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and into the blood or lymph

Answer 35

absorption

Question 36

mechanical or chemical break down of food molecules into monomers

Answer 36

digestion