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Human physiology > Lab exam > Flashcards

Lab exam Flashcards

1
Q

Temporal summation

A

2 neuron-transmitted action potentials to cause depolarization of the cell membrane and produce an action potential (concentration) in the muscle cell (1 neuron)

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2
Q

Spatial summation

A

produce action potentials in the muscle by using stimuli from one or more motor neurons

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3
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

another action potential cannot occur. Depolarization, inactive Na+ channels

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4
Q

Relative refractory period

A

if the signal is strong enough another action potential can occur. Hyperpolarization, diffusion of K+

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5
Q

The amount of tension produced by a signal action potential depends on the amount of _____

A

overlap between thick and thin myofilament when the muscle is stimulated

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6
Q

When a sarcomere is stimulated at its optimal length _____ and ______ can create the max number of cross-bridges that can be formed necessary to produce maximum tension

A

thick, thin myofilaments

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7
Q

changing the length of the sarcomere when stimulated _______ that can be formed and thus decreases the amount of tension that can be generated.

A

decreases the number of cross-bridges

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8
Q

what does the P-R interval represent?

A

represents the time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization

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9
Q

Two types of leads

A

Bipolar (on wrist and legs)
Unipola

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10
Q

bipolar

A

records voltage between electrodes

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11
Q

voltage is recorded between a single “exploratory electrode that is built into the electrocardiograph and maintained at zero potential”

A

unipolar

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12
Q

3 variable that regulate stroke volume?

A

End-diastole volume (EDV)
Total peripheral resistance/ friction resistance
Contractility

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13
Q

End-diastole volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood at end-diastole (^EDV, ^SV)

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14
Q

SV is inversely proportional to peripheral resistance - greater peripheral resistance, lower SV

A

Total peripheral resistance/ friction resistance (block on blood flow) in all arteries of the body.

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15
Q

strength of ventricular contraction- affects proportion of EDV ejected against a given afterload

A

contractility

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16
Q

Explain what a positive inotropic effect is in relation to cardiac output.

A

positive inotropic effect= affects contractility

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17
Q

Explain what a positive chronotropic effect is in relation to cardiac output.

A

positive chronotropic effect = affects cardiac rate

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18
Q

rate of blood flow to an organ that is inadequate to supply sufficient O2 and maintain aerobic respiration in that organ

A

Ischemia

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19
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

thoracic pain caused by myocardial ischemia

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20
Q

area of necrotic tissue in the myocardium that is filled in by scar tissue (heart attack).

A

Myocardial infraction

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21
Q

How is MI diagnosed?

A

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
blood tests
chest x-ray
echocardiogram
coronary catheterization
cardiac CT or MRI

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22
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

junction between a nerve fiber and muscle it supplies

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23
Q

calcium initiates the release of chemical _______

A

neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Influx of ______ ions cause depolarization.

A

sodium

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25
Q

Action potential causes ______ of muscles

A

contraction

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26
Q

At the neuromuscular junction the _______ is postsynaptic

A

muscles

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27
Q

At the neuromuscular junction the ___ is presynaptic

A

motor neuron

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28
Q

____ sodium ions move out if the cell and ___ potassium ions move in

A

3, 2

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29
Q

Depolarizes
moves the membrane potential toward the threshold required for action potential

A

EPSP function

30
Q

Function of EPSP

A

stimulate the postsynaptic cell to produce an action potential

31
Q

caused by the opening of specific chemically regulated channels (Na+, Ca2+ enters the cell) that produce a graded depolarization where the inside of the postsynaptic membrane becomes less negative

A

Function EPSP

32
Q

Ways that motor neurons can use small EPSPs to produce an action potential.

A

spatial summation (stimulus from the different presynaptic neurons)
Temporal summation (stimulus from a single presynaptic axon). Uses multiple stimuli to add to enough to reach the threshold.

33
Q

occurs due to the convergence of terminal boutons from different presynaptic axons (up to 1000 in some cases) on the dendrites and cell body of the postsynaptic neuron.

A

spatial summation

34
Q

Action potential (AP)

A

an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane

35
Q

Structures of a Sarcomere

A

Z-lines
A-band
H-zone
M-line

36
Q

graph showing the relationship between oxygen and hemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen.

A

Oxygen dissociation curve

37
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve left shift

A

decrease CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature and increase pH

38
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve right shift

A

increase CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature and decrease pH

39
Q

Spirogram

A

the record of air volume and respiratory rate measured by the spirometer.

40
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential-

A

brings up/towards threshold

41
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

brings down/away from threshold for action potential to occur

42
Q

2 factors that determine how fast an action potential is

A

presence of myelinated sheath
size/diameter of axon

43
Q

___initiates reactions in blood, clotting, a neurotransmitter release, and muscle contraction.

A

calcium

44
Q

The process during the action potential when sodium rushes into the cell causing the interior to become more positive (towards the threshold). indicated by QRS wave

A

depolarization ( indicated by QRS wave)

45
Q

repolarization (indicated by T wave)

A

return of the cell to a resting state, caused by the reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exists in the cell.

46
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

movement of membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.

47
Q

muscle twitch

A

response of a muscle to a single action potential

48
Q

cardiac cycle

A

repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.

49
Q

contraction = ______
relaxation = ______

A

systole
diastole

50
Q

ECG, EKG

A

tracing of the heart beat
-3 waves (P,QRS, T)

51
Q

an electrocardiogram can be recorded by ______

A

surface electrodes placed on the skin

52
Q

how to increase cardiac performance

A

increase contraction frequency, or heart rate

53
Q

a maintained contraction
- too much increase in cardiac performance would cause the heart to be unable to refill with blood and circulation would stop.

A

heart fibrillation

54
Q

source of calcium in the heart

A

in the plasma membrane (HCN channels)
open during hyperpolarization
calcium-induced calcium release

55
Q

another source of calcium in the heart

A

once reached threshold (-40mv) opens voltage gates calcium release
calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum causes contraction

56
Q

A long refractory period prevents ____
(refractory period of the heart)

A

summation and tetanus

57
Q

refractory period of the heart

A

allows the heart to refill with blood.

58
Q

almost as long as contraction itself prevents ____ during _____ (refractory period of the heart)

A

re-excitation
contraction

59
Q

the prolonged refractory period in the cardiac action potential is produced by:

A

open voltage-gated calcium channels (prevent summation or tetanus)

60
Q

During exercise, the body requires more oxygen, to accommodate this need there will be an increase in

A

alveolar ventilation (AV)
Tidal volume (TV)

61
Q

Alveolar ventilation (Av)

A

total amount of air that enters the alveoli per minute.

62
Q

volume of air that moves in or out of the lungs during one normal breathing cycle and breathing rate, but not anatomical dead space (ADS)

A

Tidal volume (TV)

63
Q

PR interval

A

delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles

64
Q

RT

A

the measure of ventricular repolarization and partial influenced by sympathovagal balance

65
Q

cardiac rate

A

increased by sympathoadrenal stimulation

66
Q

cardiac rate also

A

decreased by the effects of parasympathetic fibers that innervate the SA node

67
Q

autonomic innervation hormones
age, fitness, body temperature

A

factors that increase heart rate

68
Q

Factors influencing oxygen bound hemoglobin

A

CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, pH (right shift= ^ CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, decrease pH- favors oxygen unloading )
(left shift = decrease CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, ^ pH-favors oxygen loading)

69
Q

Right shift favors _____
Left shift favors______

A

oxygen unloading
oxygen loading

69
Q

Right shift favors _____
Left shift favors______

A

oxygen unloading
oxygen loading

Human physiology (6 decks)

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