module 3 - 8.3 blood, tissue fluid and lymph Flashcards

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1
Q

what is blood?

A

specialised transport medium that is also a connective liquid tissue

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2
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A
  • transport
  • defence (immune system)
  • thermoregulation
  • maintaining pH of bodily fluids
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3
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

what are platelets?

A

fragments of large megakaryocytes found in bone marrow, also involved in blood clotting

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5
Q

what are leucocytes?

A

white blood cells (e.g. lymphocytes and phagocytes)

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6
Q

what is unusual about human red blood cells?

A

they have no nucleus, they are packed with mRNA and ribosomes to make proteins

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7
Q

what are the adaptations of human red blood cells?

A

flattened biconcave disc shape - large SA:V for efficient gas exchange
large amount of haemoglobin - for transporting oxygen
no nucleus or organelles - maximises space for Hb so more oxygen is transported

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8
Q

what does 8% of blood plasma consist of?

A

plasma proteins (half are a group of proteins called ALBUMINS)

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9
Q

what are albumins?

A

water soluble transport proteins that carry molecules and ions in the blood

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10
Q

what is the function of albumins?

A

regulates osmotic pressure of blood (done by proteins so is called oncotic pressure - albumins displace water molecules)

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11
Q

how do albumins cause dipoles?

A

they have a hydrophilic R group which means they can then hydrogen bond with water

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12
Q

the typical human blood oncotic pressure is negative, what does this create?

A

a tendency for water to move into the blood from surrounding tissue by osmosis

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13
Q

what is the blood pressure developed by the contraction of the heart?

A

high

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14
Q

what is the pressure developed by the contraction of the heart called?

A

hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

what happens at the arteriole end of the capillary bed when hydrostatic pressure has fallen to +4.6kPa?

A

fluid is forced out the capillaries by the higher pressure in the blood, creates TISSUE FLUID

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16
Q

what happens at the venule end of the capillary bed?

A

oncotic pressure is higher and acts in opposite direction so water moves back into capillaries

17
Q

is there a change in oncotic pressure at anytime?

A

no it stays the same all the time

18
Q

how is tissue fluid similar to blood plasma?

A

its the same but just without red blood cells and plasma proteins

19
Q

how does water go back into the blood?

A

by osmosis, otherwise blood would dry out

20
Q

what is the pressure difference between arterial and venous end of capillaries?

A

venous end has lower hydrostatic pressure than arterial end, due to friction

21
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

secondary circulatory system and major part of the immune system, complementary to cardiovascular system

22
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries?

A

vein-like lymph vessels containing valves

23
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

sac-like organs that trap pathogens/ foreign substances that contain large number of white blood cells

24
Q

what is lymphatic tissue?

A

found in the spleen, thymus and tonsils - contains large amounts of white blood cells and is involved in their development

25
Q

what happens to the 10% of tissue fluid that is not returned to the blood?

A

flows into blind-ended lymph capillaries forming lymph

26
Q

what is lymph?

A

similar to plasma and tissue fluid but has less oxygen and nutrients and more fatty acids

27
Q

how is lymphatic fluid moved?

A

by body movements squeezing on lymph capillaries and vessels aided by one-way valves

28
Q

what does the flow of lymph along the thoracic duct cause?

A

a large lymph vessel to drain the subclavicle vein

29
Q

what is oedema?

A

build up of tissue fluid (caused by problems within the lymphatic system)

30
Q

what do phagocytes and lymphocytes do?

A

filter out bacteria using phagocytes in the lymph nodes