Cognitive and Sensory Impairment Flashcards
Cognitive impairment (CI) of intellectual disability is a general term that encompasses any type of mental difficulty or deficiency
Typ made when not meeting milestones - not reacting to environment in predictable way - not made at birth very often - seen when older unless know about genetic issue (Downs)
Diagnosis
Made after a period of suspicion by family or health professionals
In some instances, made at birth
Intellectual disability
Not interacting with environment in not predictable way or not interacting at all - not meeting milestones - can have large organ dysfunction
Cognitive impairment
Intellectual functioning
Subaverage intellectual function: IQ of 70 to 75 or below - normal 85-115
Functional strengths and weaknesses - something very good and big struggle for them
Younger than age 18 at the time of diagnoses
Intellectual disability
Genetic
Biochemical
Infectious - on meds while pregnancy; drugs or alcohol abuse; mom exposed to something (accutane - retinols on face) and same with adderoll
Familial - can be passed on
Social - more seen in severe abuse/neglect situations; no interactions
Environmental - more seen in severe abuse/neglect situations; no interactions
Organic
Cognitive impairment: etiology
Big goal: help them communicate; how can we talk to them - nonverbal things - sign language helpful - help fams adjust to this
Educate child and family
Early intervention
Teach child self-care skills
Promote child’s optimal development
Encourage play and exercise (socialization)
Provide means of communication
Establish discipline
Provide information on sexuality
Help families adjust to future care
Care for the child during hospitalization
Nursing care of children with impaired cognitive function
Most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood - very common
Lot less likely be diagnosed in females
Child with ADHD has a disruption in learning, socialization, and compliance (Leads to significant demands on parents, teachers, and the community.)
Specific diagnosis criteria
Pathophysiology
Symptoms usually appear by 7 years
Medications include:
Family support is very important
Educate parents
Understand goals of an IEP (Individualized education plan)
Attention deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Inattention/Distractibility
Impulsivity
Hyperactivity - constantly moving
Teachers - annoyed and overwhelmed - child does pick up on that - lot higher risk of anxiety; lot negative feedback from adults - negative self-talk
IEPs - treatment: meds
Most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood - very common
6 or more findings from specific category are present
Ex. Difficulty with attention, does not seem to listen, forgetful, losing thing easily, fidgeting, failing to remain sitting, talking excessively, interrupting often…
Specific diagnosis criteria
Not entirely understood but thought to be related to alteration in dopamine/norepinephrine neurotransmitters.
Strong Familial tendency
Pathophysiology
Psychostimulants
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Dexroamphetamine-Amphetamine (Adderall)
Nonstimulant norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Biggest concern: slow growing; not care to eat; take off during summer and not feel like self
Medications include:
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Etiology—Unknown - lots of theories; hereditary
Clinical manifestations and diagnostic evaluation
Care Management
Behaviors impact the child’s ability to communicate and interact with others
Diff areas can fall on spectrum
How help them if struggle it
Trouble with eye contact, not understand empathy; line up toys
Highlight things struggle with and help support them
Prematurity increases risk
Forgetfulness common
Implement things into daily life - checklists helpful; normal routine helpful as well
Common delays (at least 1)
Other expected findings:
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Deficits in social interactions, communication, and behavior
Clinical manifestations and diagnostic evaluation
Interprofessional care
Family support
Care Management
Social interactions
Social communication
Imaginative play
Common delays (at least 1)
Distress when routines are changed
Unusual attachments to objects
Inability to start or continue conversations
Grunting or humming
Delayed or absent language development
Lack of empathy
Other expected findings:
Can be a severely disabling condition
No cure for autism
Some improvement with language skills
Numerous therapies used
Autism often becomes a family disease
Frequently parents express guilt and shame - commonly feel that fams fault; some science and blame self
Stress importance of family counseling
Autism Society of America is good source of information
Clients should be managed at home or in long-term placement facility
ASDs: care management
Recognize early
Often have motor dysfunction - do things diff - motor funcs not work normally
Attempt behavior modification
Provide a structured routine
Decrease unacceptable behavior
Numerous therapies used
Prevalence (In the US)
Identified through vision screening programs
Etiology
Types
Trauma
Infections
Visual impairment
Prenatal or postnatal infections
Retinopathy of prematurity
Trauma
Postnatal infections
Other disorders
Sickle cell disease
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Tay-Sachs disease
DM
Etiology
Refraction
Bending of light rays through the lens of the eye
Myopia (bigger issue because of screens and tablets) - number one cause detached retina, Hyperopia, Amblyopia
Strabismus (may or may not be refractive)
Types
Want to prevent this
Protective eyewear
Common cause of blindness in children
Penetrating:
Nonpenetrating
Treatment: Aimed at preventing further damage
Trauma
