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MOD > Disease of Equine head + neck 4 > Flashcards

Disease of Equine head + neck 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What splits the guttural pouches into medial + lateral compartments?

A

*Stylohyoid - medial larger than lateral

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2
Q

What does the guttural pouch connect to?

A

*Nasopharynx via auditory tube

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3
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

*Vessel Area around guttural pouch where internal carotid arteries combine from 2 to 1

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4
Q

Why are diseases of the guttural pouch important?

A

*Common + can be life threatening

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5
Q

What are clinical signs of diseases of the guttural pouch?

A

*Epistaxis
*Dysphagia
*Dyspnoea
*External swelling
*Neurological signs

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6
Q

How would you assess the guttural pouch?

A

*History + clinical exam
*Endoscopy
*CT / radiography

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7
Q

What is guttural pouch mycosis?

A

*Fungal plague forms over artery (usually internal carotid)
-Aspergillus
=epistaxis - can be fatal

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8
Q

What are history + clinical signs of guttural pouch mycosis?

A

*History = may have had several mild episodes of epistaxis, dysphagia
*CS = Nasal discharge, epistaxis + nerve dysfunction (dysphagia)

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9
Q

What are Ddx for epistaxis?

A

Guttural pouch
*Guttural pouch mycosis
*Head trauma - rupture of longis capitus / rectus capitus
Paranasal sinuses
*Progressive ethmoid haematoma
*Sinus trauma, neoplasia
Nasal passages
*Trauma

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10
Q

How is guttural pouch mycosis diagnosed with endoscopy?

A

*Blood seen draining from guttural pouch - usually unilateral
-if so refer
*Fungal plaque over internal carotid

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11
Q

What is emergency management of GPM? (guttural pouch mycosis)

A

*Triage - HR, Peripheral Pulse, MM colour, mentation
*keep horse calm
*Minimise risk of dislodging haemorrhage
Surgery essential

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12
Q

How is a GPM surgery done?

A

*Occlude affected artery incase it explodes/bleeds out
*needs to be occluded on cardiac side + cerebral side as circle of willis will connect other internal carotid + will bleed out
*Treat hypovolaemia - blood transfusion

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13
Q

What is medical management of GPM?

A

*Topical / systemic antifungals - Enilconazole - following surgery / or very mild cases

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14
Q

What can history of head trauma indicate?

A

*Damage to longus capitis + rctus capitis ventralis = muscles haemorrhage into GP - seen as epistaxis
*Rest horse

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15
Q

What are differentials of dysphagia?

A

*Oesophageal obstruction
*Retropharyngeal abscess - strangles
*Masses
*Foreign bodies
*Guttural pouch mycosis, empyaema, Grass sickness, botulism, polyneuritis equi, tetanus, rabies

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16
Q

What is guttural pouch empyaema?

A

*Purulent material in guttural pouch - liquid / chondroids
*CS = purulent nasal discharge + lymph node enlargement
*Dx = endoscopy - always rule in / out strangles

17
Q

What is chondroids?

A

*mineralised pus
*Chronic infection
*large size = challenging removal

18
Q

What is Treatment of empyaema + chondroids?

A

*Empyaema = endoscopic lavage
*Chondroids = Endoscopic assisted removal
-laser assisted techniques
-surgical approach

19
Q

What is guttural pouch tympany? What is it seen in?

A

*Seen in foals - up to 1 year
*Air trapped in GP

20
Q

What are clinical signs + diagnosis of guttural pouch tympany?

A

*CS = retropharyngeal swelling, dysphagia + respiratory stridor
*Dx = Radiography + Endoscopy

21
Q

How is guttural pouch tympany treated?

A

*If unilateral = allow air to escape via unaffected side - break septum
*If bilateral = allow escape from both sides - catheters / surgery

22
Q

What is temporohyoid osteoarthropathy? (THO)

A

*Progressive disease of middle ear / temporohyoid joint - hyoid fuses to temporal bone

23
Q

What are clinical signs of THO? temporohyoid osteopathy

A

*Early = head shaking + beahviour changes
*Chronic = CN VII +VIII signs, ptosis, muzzle deviation, head tilt + ataxia, nystagmus

24
Q

How is THO diagnosed+ managed? temporohyoid osteopathy

A

*Dx = CS, endocospy of GP, radiography, CT
*Management = systemic antimicrobials, systemic NSAIDs
*Surgery - keratohyoidectomy

25
Q

What is otitis media?

A

*Ear Infection = headshaking, vestibular signs
*Tx = long course of antimicrobials

26
Q

What is the most common neoplasm of the guttural pouch?

A

*Melanoma

MOD (103 decks)

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