alchols Flashcards

1
Q

alchols are produced industrailly by

A

hydration of alkenes in the presences of acid catalyst (H3PO4)

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2
Q

ethanol is produced industrially by … and why

A

fermentation of glucose
cheaper than hydration as carried out at lower temp but has to be done in batches so slower process with a lower % yield
glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide
yeast must be present

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3
Q

how is biofuel formed and why is it used

A

separating of ethanol by fractional distillation. it is said to be carbon nuetral as the carbon given out when burned is equal to the carbon taken in by crops during the growing phase

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4
Q

environmental issues linked to biofuels use

A

destruction of crops
transportation of crops

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5
Q

classification of alchols

A

primary - carbon bonded to OH is bonded to one other C
secondary - carbon bonded to OH is bonded to 2 other C
teritary - carbon bonded to OH is bonded to 3 other C

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6
Q

oxidation of primary alcohols

A

forms aldehydes
reagent: acidified potassium dichromate [O]
conditions: heat under distillation

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7
Q

oxidation of aldehyde

A

forms carboxyllic acid
reagent :acidified potassium dichromate [O]
conditition: heat under reflux

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8
Q

oxidation of secondary alchols

A

forms ketones
reagent: acidified pottasium dichromate
condistion : heat under reflux or distillation

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9
Q

primary alchol -> carboxylic acid

A

oxidation
reagent : acidified potassium dichromate[O]
condition: heat under reflux, excess oxidising agent

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10
Q

oxidation of tertiary alchols

A

cannot be easily oxisied

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11
Q

explain how the method used to oxide a primary alcohol determines what the product obtained is

A

under distillation so aldehydes not mixed back into oxidising agent instead separated to prevent further reaction to carboxylic acid that would take place if under reflux

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12
Q

observation of colour change when alchol oxidised

A

orange –> green

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13
Q

chemical test to distinguise between aldehydes and ketones

A

fehlings solutiuon
aldheyde : brick red precicitate
ketone: NVC
tollens reagent
aldehyde: silver mirror forms
ketone: NVC

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14
Q

alchol –> alkene

A

elimination
catalyst : hot conc H2SO4 OR AlO3
condition: 600K
lone pair on O in R-OH attracted to &+ on H causing R-OH2 where O is +, C-O is broken removing water resulting in C-C+ electrons from C-H to C-C+ forming C=C and H+
H+ reformed therefore catalyst

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15
Q

importanct of alchol-> alkene elimination reaction

A

means addition polymers can be produced from fermentation without need for crude oil( a non-renewable resource)

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16
Q

test for carboxylic acids

A

Na2CO3
effervescence