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Medications and Behavior > Neuro Psych Final > Flashcards

Neuro Psych Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

The majority of the people with —- are —-

A

Anorexia; women

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3
Q

By what means does the brain find out about the degree of stretch of the stomach?

A

from activity of the vagus nerve

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4
Q

Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?

A

70%

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5
Q

Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Osmotic thirst is to — as hypovolemic thirst is to —

A

The OVLT; both baroreceptros and the subfornical organ

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7
Q

By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient contents of the stomach

A

From activity of the splanchnic nerves

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8
Q

what does the large intestine obsorb?

A

Absorbs water and minerals.

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9
Q

Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter often have been found in bulimics?

A

higher than normal levels of peptide YY

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10
Q

What is it called if an animal’s body temperature stays the same as that of the environment?

A

Poikilothermic

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11
Q

A loss of blood will lead to what kind of thirst?

A

Hypovolemic

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12
Q

What is the function of the chemicals prostaglandin E1 and E2

A

It causes an increase in body temperature

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13
Q

When needed, fat reserves can be converted into:

A

glucose

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14
Q

The blood’s glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of

A

The liver

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15
Q

Leukocytes release protein called

A

cytokines

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16
Q

What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?

A

Osmotic

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17
Q

Baroreceptors attached to large veins detect:

A

the pressure of blood returning to the heart

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18
Q

Lower metabolic rate is to —– as higher metabolic rate is to —-

A

radiating little heat; radiating lots of heat

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19
Q

Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?

A

vasopressin

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20
Q

The first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients is the

A

duodenum

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21
Q

Most of the diet drugs developed to date act by

A

stimulating specific serotonin receptors

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22
Q

An animal is likely to eat great amounts and gain weight after damage to which structure?

A

the ventromedial hypothalamus

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23
Q

Humans expend about twice the amount of their energy on what activity?

A

maintaining basal metabolism

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24
Q

Abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter often have been found in bulimics?

A

lower than normal levels of CCK

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25
Q

If two people eat the same amount of food, the person with the lower metabolism will:

A

gain more weight

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26
Q

Leptin is produced by:

A

Body fat

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27
Q

The esophagus brings food from the

A

mouth to the stomach

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28
Q

What is the hormone imbalance associated with diabetes?

A

too little insulin

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29
Q

What disorder is common among the relatives of people with anorexia?

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

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30
Q

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?

A

CCK

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31
Q

Glucagon stimulates the liver to

A

convert glycogen to glucose

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32
Q

Blood vessel constriction, shivering and sweating are controlled by which area of the brain?

A

preoptic are the hypothalamus

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33
Q

The kidneys release renin:

A

If blood volume drops

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34
Q

Individuals who have lost sodium and other solutes:

A

may experience a craving for salty tastes

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35
Q

Anorexia nervosa is to — as bulimia nervosa is to —

A

under-eating variably over-eating and undereating

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36
Q

A set point refers to

A

A variable that the body works to maintain at a stable level

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37
Q

Under normal circumstances, the —- nerve is more important for satiety

A

Vagus

38
Q

Many anorexics’ cortisol levels:

A

are elevated

39
Q

Which of the following is true about a fever?

A

It is part of the body’s defense against an illness

40
Q

The adrenal gland hormone aldosterone:

A

Causes the kidneys to conserve sodium.

41
Q

Which type of leukocyte surrounds the bacterium or other intruder and digest it?

A

a macrophage

42
Q

Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are:

A

Antibodies

43
Q

The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?

A

emotional

44
Q

The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?

A

men who are overweight

45
Q

What are produced in the bone marrow and are the most important elements of the immune system?

A

leukocytes

46
Q

Valium, Librium, and Xanax are examples of

A

benzodiazepines

47
Q

One key area of the brain associated with learned fears is the

A

amygdala

48
Q

A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it is a definition of

A

stress

49
Q

which of the following would most likely help someone adjust to jet lag?

A

keeping the room light when you need to stay awake

50
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts: the —- nervous system (which prepares the body for emergency action_, and the —– nervous system (which increases digestion)

A

sympathetic; parasympathetic

51
Q

Depression is linked to —- serotonin and aggressive behavior is linked to — serotonin

A

low; low

52
Q

Why do humans suffer from fever when ill?

A

It is an important defense since most viruses do not thrive at high temperatures

53
Q

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors

A

occur during NREM sleep

54
Q

Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they

A

block histamine

55
Q

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is

A

Almost completely inactive during sleep

56
Q

What does cataplexy involve

A

An attack of muscle weakness while awake

57
Q

The immune system’s way of telling the brain that the body is ill are:

A

cytokines

58
Q

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night’s sleep

A

includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

59
Q

Cytotoxic T cells:

A

directly attack intruder cells

60
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located just above the

A

optic chiasm

61
Q

Serendipity refers to

A

stumbling upon something interesting while looking for something else

62
Q

Information from cytokines is relayed to the brain, specifically to the

A

hypothalamus and hippocampus.

63
Q

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?

A

90 minutes

64
Q

Many people with panic attacks make their own problems worse by

A

hyperventilating

65
Q

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is

A

Only one of several systems involved in arousal

66
Q

Why do humans suffer from sleepiness, decreased muscle activity, and decreased sex drive during illness?

A

They are useful ways of conserving energy while the body is attacking the illness

67
Q

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your cell phone. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would

A

remain relatively stable

68
Q

Which of these is characteristics of sleep apnea?

A

periods without breathing during sleep

69
Q

What is the relationship between fear and anxiety?

A

fear is acute while anxiety is longer lasting

70
Q

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms?

A

Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves

71
Q

According to James-Lange theory, we experience emotions

A

After we experience autonomic arousal

72
Q

Stress activates two systems… One is the…

A

HPA axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors

73
Q

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?

A

A couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep

74
Q

What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have a dream?

A

Wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming

75
Q

According the Cannon-Bard theory

A

an event causes physical arousal and emotional experience, simultaneously

76
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the…

A

hypothalamus

77
Q

Stimulation of the — will lead to vigorous affective attacks

A

Amygdala

78
Q

high cortisol levels increase the likelihood that hippocampal cells will be

A

vulnerable to damage by toxins

79
Q

The pineal gland releases the —- hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms.

A

Melatonin

80
Q

Young children are more likely to be “morning people” than older adults

A

True

81
Q

What is nacrolepsy?

A

Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

82
Q

Biological clocks are very resistant to environmental influences.

A

True

83
Q

Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the suprachiasmatic nucleus gene can be changed through…

A

exposure of eyes to light

84
Q

What is the startle response like in people suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder?

A

It is generally stronger than in other people

85
Q

People who have panic attacks often react certain signals from their bodies as if they were experiencing which of the following?

A

suffocation

86
Q

A human’s body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest

A

mid to late afternoon

87
Q

One surprising features about people with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is that, on the average, they have

A

Lower than normal cortisol levels

88
Q

Blood cells that attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses are known as

A

natural killer cells

89
Q

The immune systems is weakened by

A

long-term stress but not short-term stress

90
Q

If the onset of an illness is influenced by someone’s personality emotions, or experiences, we call the illness

A

psychosomatic

Medications and Behavior (40 decks)

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