CH 11

Question 1

The term “race” refers to the skin color and features of a group of people. True or False

Answer 1

-True
-A race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society

Question 2

Ethnicity refers to differences between groups of people based on culture. For example, Hispanic is considered an ethnicity. True or False

Answer 2

-True
-Ethnicity refers to the characteristics of historically unique subgroups, each which possesses an autonomous structure within the larger culture.

Question 3

The term discrimination applies only to unequal treatment of different groups by government actors. True or False

Answer 3

-False
- his is actually the definition for disparity. Discrimination can be defined as “differential treatment of an individual or group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same.”

Question 4

The term racism can be used when one ethnic group holds discriminatory attitudes, beliefs, or practices toward another ethnic group. True or False

Answer 4

-True
-prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized.

Question 5

Structural racism

Answer 5

-Institutional racism, also known as systemic racism, is a form of racism that is embedded in the laws and regulations of a society or an organization. It manifests as discrimination in areas such as criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, education, and political representation.

Question 6

The incarceration rate for African Americans ______ over the past 10 years.

Answer 6

-Decreased
- The African American incarceration rate decreased by 28% from 2008 to 2018

Question 7

Incarceration rates are lower for Native Americans than for Whites. True or False

Answer 7

-False
- Incarceration rates are higher for Native Americans. Some “reservations” have their own jails.

Question 8

Which is the largest subgroup of Latinx people in the United States?

Answer 8

-Mexican Americans constitute the largest subgroup of Latinx people in the United States.

Question 9

Which group is underrepresented in correctional institutions?

Answer 9

-Asian Americans are underrepresented in correctional institutions in comparison to their representation in the population.

Question 10

Many Americans fail to recognize that there is a class system in the United States. True or False

Answer 10

-True
- These beliefs stem from wanting to separate from the rigid systems that existed in England.

Question 11

People of color are more likely to be living in poverty and caught up in the criminal justice system. True or False

Answer 11

-True
- People of color are more likely to be living in poverty and caught up in the criminal justice system.

Question 12

The ______ restricted rights of Black citizens in employment, housing, education, and voting.

Answer 12

-The Jim Crow laws restricted rights of Black citizens in employment, housing, education, and voting. This prevented African Americans from participating in social, economic, and civic life.

Question 13

In The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander ______.

Answer 13

-…exposes how the drug war focused on people living in poverty and people of color, yet most drug users and sellers are White
-Alexander discusses, for instance, police sweeps of neighborhoods with a high percentage of residents who are living in poverty or are people of color.

Question 14

Crack cocaine is more harmful and addictive than powder cocaine. True or False

Answer 14

-False
-The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 implemented the initial disparity, reflecting Congress’s view that crack cocaine was a more dangerous and harmful drug than powder cocaine.

Question 15

Current crack cocaine sentences at the federal level are harsher than those for powder cocaine. True or False

Answer 15

-Crack cocaine sentences are still harsher than those for powder cocaine by a factor of 18:1.

Question 16

Driving while Black or Brown (DWB) refers to law enforcement focusing on Black or Brown drivers. True or False

Answer 16

-True
- Driving while black” (DWB) is a sardonic description of racial profiling of African-American motor vehicle drivers. It implies that a motorist may be stopped by a police officer largely because of racial bias rather than any apparent violation of traffic law.

Question 17

Research indicates that Black offenders prefer prison over probation. True or False

Answer 17

-True
- There is evidence that Blacks prefer prison to community-based alternatives.

Question 18

People of color in some parts of the United States have historically been more likely to be wrongfully incarcerated. True or False

Answer 18

-True

Question 19

What allowed people in the South prior to the Civil War to enslave others?

Answer 19

-The practice of slavery was protected in the Constitution.

Question 20

In 2015, the Black-to-White ratio for children placed in residential correctional facilities was 5:1. This was an increase from 2006 when it was 4.4:1. True or False

Answer 20

-True

Question 21

Which Amendment ended slavery?

Answer 21

-13TH
- The 13th Amendment forever abolished slavery as an institution in all U.S. states and territories. In addition to banning slavery, the amendment outlawed the practice of involuntary servitude and peonage. Involuntary servitude or peonage occurs when a person is coerced to work in order to pay off debts.

Question 22

There are currently over 500 federally recognized tribes in the United States. True or False

Answer 22

-True
- There are 567 federally recognized tribes in the United States, as well as a number that are not federally recognized.

Question 23

The first restrictive immigration law in the nation targeted immigrants from China. It was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. True or False

Answer 23

-True