4: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

What are the 5 main functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

1. Movement
2. Shape + structure
3. Protection
4. Blood production
5. Mineral storage

Question 2

What are the 6 main fuctions affecting skeleton shape

Answer 2

1. Weight
2. Age
3. Injury
4. Physical activity
5. Pregnancy
6. Posture

Question 3

How does age affect skeleton shape

Answer 3

bones gradually deteriorate
Bone density decreases = bones thinner and more fragile
Postural abnormalities become worse as spinal vertebrae and discs become thinner and compressed due to loss of minerals and moisture. Joints can become inflamed and less flexible as fluid in the joints decrease and cartilage erodes. Joints can also become stiff due to mineral deposits

Question 4

How does physical activity affect skeleton shape

Answer 4

weight bearing activity can increase bone density
Can prevent the early onset of osteoporosis and slow down the deterioration for those who already have it
Increased amount of synovial fluid produced with activity

Question 5

How does pregnancy affect skeleton shape

Answer 5

If pregnant woman’s calcium levels are low, growing baby will take from the mothers own supply
Produces more oestrogen to protect bones
Bone mass lost during pregnancy is restored several months after birth
Hormones relaxin and progesterone relax muscles and loosen ligaments and joints (especially in pelvic region) to get ready for birth. But this combined with extra weight gained can lead to discomfort and injury

Question 6

How does posture affect skeleton

Answer 6

Can lead to muscles, ligaments and tendons adapting to new position and become unbalanced
Muscle imbalance pulls one of your joints out of position, putting strain on the joint
Strain stresses the nerves around the joints resulting in pain
If the body then tries to re-adjust, other sets of muscles can become imbalanced (compensation) and the cycle continues.

Question 7

3 scientific body types

Answer 7

1. Endomorph
2. Mesomorph
3. Ectomorph

Question 8

Describe endomorph body type

Answer 8

Soft round shape with short limbs
Little muscle definition because of fat stored beneath the skin
Good at wrestling and lifting weights

Question 9

Describe mesomorph body type

Answer 9

Sturdy skeleton and predominance of muscles
Muscular limbs
Good at sports involving power and strength

Question 10

Describe ectomorphy body type

Answer 10

Lean, slim build without much muscle mass but good definition due to lower body fat
Good at endurance sports where height to weight ratio is important

Question 11

What are the 2 sections of the skeletal system

Answer 11

1. Axial
2. Appendicular

Question 12

What is the axial skeleton

Answer 12

The main frame

Question 13

What is the appendicular skeleton

Answer 13

The extremities

Question 14

What is included in the axial skeleton

Answer 14

Skull
Ribs
Sternum (chest)
Spine

Question 15

What is the scapula

Answer 15

The shoulder blade. The bone that connects the clavicle to the humerus

Question 16

What is the clavicle

Answer 16

The collarbone - connects the sternum to the shoulder

Question 17

What is the humerus

Answer 17

Upper arm bone

Question 18

What is the ulna

Answer 18

One of the bones that makes up the forearm

Question 19

What is the radius

Answer 19

One of the bones that makes up the forearm

Question 20

What are carpal bones

Answer 20

Bones of the wrist that connect the the radial and ulnar bones of the forearm to the bases of the five metacarpal bones of the hand

Question 21

What are metacarpals

Answer 21

Bones between the wrist and the fingers

Question 22

What are phalanges

Answer 22

finger bones

Question 23

What is the Ilium

Answer 23

The largest and uppermost bone of the hip, the ilium, also known as the iliac bone, is an essential part of the pelvic girdle

Question 24

What is the ischium

Answer 24

forms the lower and back part of the hip bone

Question 25

What is the pubis

Answer 25

Together with the ilium and ischium, make up the hip bone - left and right of pelvic bone

Question 26

What is the femur

Answer 26

Thigh bone

Question 27

What is the patella

Answer 27

Knee

Question 28

What is the tibia

Answer 28

shin bone

Question 29

What is the fibula

Answer 29

a long bone in the lower extremity that is positioned on the lateral side of the tibia

Question 30

What are the tarsal bones

Answer 30

7 bones that help the foot move. connecting the leg to the feet

Question 31

What are metatarsals

Answer 31

a group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes

Question 32

What bones make up the shoulder girdle

Answer 32

1. Scapula
2. Clavicle

Question 33

What bones make up the pelvic girdle

Answer 33

1. Ilium - largest of the 3
2. Ischium (sitting bone)
3. Pubis (at the front)

Question 34

What are the 4 sections of the vertebral column

Answer 34

1. Cervical spine
2. Thoracic spine
3. Lumbar spine
4. Sacrum + coccyx

Question 35

What is the cervical spine

Answer 35

Vertebrae C1 - C7 - the C1 = atlas, C2 = axis (form pivot joint for neck/head)
Lumbar curvature

Question 36

What is the thoracic spine

Answer 36

made up of 12 vertebrae (T1 - T12)
Articulate with the ribs
Increase in size as go down
Kyphotic curvature

Question 37

What is the lumbar spinee

Answer 37

Made up of 5 vertebra (L1 - L5)
Makes up lower back
Biggest in the spine
Carry the heaviest weight
Lumbar curvature

Question 38

Which section of the spine is the most mobile

Answer 38

Cervical