module 3 - 8.5 the heart Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the heart?

A

a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system by increasing blood pressure relative to lowest blood pressure in blood vessels - difference in pressure causes blood to flow

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2
Q

what 3 layers is the wall of the heart made up of?

A
  • epicardium - outer layer of the heart wall and inner pericardial membrane
  • myocardium - cardiac muscle
  • endocardium - lines the chambers and covers the heart valves, joins with endothelium that lines blood vessels
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3
Q

what is the heart enclosed by and why?

A
  • enclosed by pericardium for protection of the heart
  • fluid between inner and outer pericardial membranes lubricates movement of the heart
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4
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

double walled sac for protection of the heart

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5
Q

why does blood not separate when pumped?

A

due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules in blood

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6
Q

where is the heart beat initiated?

A

right atrium

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7
Q

where does the tricuspid valve prevent backflow of blood?

A

from right ventricle to right atrium

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8
Q

which pressure increases during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart?

A

ventricular pressure

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9
Q

when listening to the heart on a stethoscope, what contributes to the first ‘lub’ sound?

A

closing of the bicuspid valve

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10
Q

when listening to the heart on a stethoscope, what contributes to the second ‘dub’ sound?

A

closing of semi lunar valves

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of vertebrate muscle?

A

skeletal , cardiac, smooth

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12
Q

what are cadriac muscles made from?

A

cardiomyoctyes joined together by intercalated discs

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13
Q

why do cardiomyocytes need to contract in coordination with its neighboring cells?

A

to efficiently pump blood from the heart, if this coordination breaks down, the heart may not pump blood

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14
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

a type of cell junction/cytoplasm bridge

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15
Q

what do intercalated discs allow?

A

allows cardiomyocytes to contract in coordinated manner

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16
Q

what are the 4 valves in the heart?

A

bicuspid
tricuspid
pulmonary
aortic

17
Q

what are the main pumping chambers?

A

ventricles

18
Q

what is the flow of blood and blood type on the right side of the heart?

A
  • deoxygenated blood
  • travels to lungs from the rest of the body
19
Q

what is the blood flow and blood type on the left side of the heart?

A
  • oxygenated blood
  • travels from lungs to the rest of the body
20
Q

what is the role of cardiac fat around the heart?

A
  • food supply
  • protection
21
Q

what are papillary muscles?

A

they prevent heart valves from folding too far back during heart contraction

22
Q

what are chordae tendineae?

A

connect papillary muscles to the cusps of atrio-ventricular valves

23
Q

what are trabeculae carneae/’meaty ridges’?

A

rough lining of inside of ventricles, help papillary muscles to prevent folding of atrio-ventricular valves
- keep heart strings tight

24
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

a double-walled sac containing the heart and roots of the great vessels

25
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A
  • fibrous pericardium - outer layer made of strong connective tissue, mostly fixed shape
  • serious pericardium - inner layer made of serous membrane, smooth to allow sliding motion
26
Q

what does the pericardium do?

A

encloses pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid

27
Q

what does pericardial fluid do?

A

heart movements