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314 Exam 3 > Anatomy of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiration refers to

A

gas exchange from the atmosphere to the blood to the cells

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2
Q

ventilation describes

A

the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

inspiration

A

breathing air into the lungs

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4
Q

expiration

A

breathing air out of the lungs

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5
Q

gas exchange describes

A

the movement of gases across membranes

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6
Q

alveolar gas exchange is

A

gas exchange between the lungs and blood

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7
Q

systemic gas exchange

A

gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells

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8
Q

the upper respiratory system consists of

A

the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

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9
Q

all the components of the upper respiratory system are located

A

outside of the thorax

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10
Q

the lower respiratory tract contains

A

the bronchial tree and lungs, which are located almost entirely within the thorax

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11
Q

conductive zone consists of

A

passageways that warm, humidify, cleanse incoming air before it reaches respiratory zone

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12
Q

respiratory zone is

A

the actual site of gas exchange

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13
Q

the external portion of the nose consists of

A

bone and cartilage covered with muscle, dense connective tissue, and skin

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14
Q

two external nares are

A

openings that allow air to enter the nose

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15
Q

the nasal cavity is a

A

hollow space extending into the facial bones of the skull

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16
Q

vestibule

A

anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils

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17
Q

the vestibule is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium and stiff vibrissae

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18
Q

nasal septum

A

a vertical partition that divides cavity into left and right cavities

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19
Q

nasal cavity is separated from the mouth by

A

the palate

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20
Q

nasal conchae curl out from ______ to ______

A

each lateral wall

to increase surface area of cavity

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21
Q

turbinate bones are covered in

A

mucous membranes

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22
Q

two internal nares

A

openings that link the nasal cavity with the pharynx

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23
Q

the internal structures of the nose are specialized for

A

3 particular functions

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24
Q

incoming air to the nose is

A

warmed and moistened and filtered of dust particles

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25
Q

how the air is warmed

A

large blood vessels in epithelium warm and moisten air

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26
Q

how the nose traps particles

A

ciliated psuedostratified mucosa contains glands that secrete up to one liter of mucus daily to trap inhaled particles and drive them toward pharynx

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27
Q

the nose detects

A

odors

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28
Q

how the nose detects odors

A

by olfactory receptors in olfactory mucosa

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29
Q

the nose modifies

A

speech sounds

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30
Q

how the nose modifies speech sounds

A

a large, hollow resonating chambers

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31
Q

causes of a nosebleed

A

trauma to the lower nasal septum from a sharp blow or from “picking” one’s nose could cause a nosebleed

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32
Q

spontaneous bleeding from capillaries in nasal epithelium may indicate

A

hypertension

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33
Q

the pharynx is

A

a muscular “funnel” extending from the internal nares to the larynx

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34
Q

the nasopharynx is the

A

uppermost portion and it contains the pharyngeal tonsil

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35
Q

two openings in the nasopharynx lead to the

A

auditory (Eustachian) tubes that connect to middle ears

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36
Q

nasopharynx is lined with

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and/or stratified squamous epithelium to trap dust-laden mucus

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37
Q

the oropharynx is the

A

middle portion and it contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

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38
Q

the oropharynx serves as a

A

common pathway from air, food, and drink

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39
Q

the oropharynx is lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

40
Q

the laryngopharynx

A

links the esophagus with the larynx

41
Q

the larynx

A

is a boxlike structure comprised of nine pieces of cartilage

42
Q

the anterior wall of the larynx is made of

A

thyroid cartilage

-usually larger in males than females due to influence of testosterone

43
Q

epiglottis is

A

a cartilaginous flap that closes the glottis during swallowing to prevent foods and liquids from entering larynx

44
Q

cricoid cartilage is

A

a ring of cartilage that attaches the larynx to the trachea

45
Q

cartilages that function in speech production

A

paired arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

46
Q

fibrous ligaments

A

bind the cartilage of the larynx together and to adjacent structures

47
Q

extrinsic ligaments

A

link thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage to trachea

48
Q

intrinsic ligaments

A

hold laryngeal cartilages together

49
Q

two pairs of prominent folds are visible in the

A

mucous membrane of the larynx

50
Q

superior folds are

A

false vocal cords and they close glottis during swallowing

51
Q

inferior folds are

A

true vocal cords and they produce sound as air rushes past them

52
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

operate the true vocal cords by pulling on the aryteniod cartilages and corniculate cartilages

53
Q

what causes the vocal cords to vibrate

A

air being forced between the vocal cords

54
Q

taut vocal cords produce

A

high pitch sounds

55
Q

relaxed vocal cords produce

A

lower pitch sounds

56
Q

vocal cords are usually thicker and longer in

A

males than females

57
Q

sounds that are produced by the vocal cords

A

get converted into speech by actions of pharynx, mouth, tongue, lips, and nasal cavity

58
Q

inflamed vocal cords are caused by

A

infection, very dry air, overuse, vocal folds swell and cause hoarseness
(loss of voice)

59
Q

the trachea is

A

a rigid tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs

60
Q

C-shaped cartilage rings in trachea prevent

A

its collapse during inhalation or swallowing

61
Q

the inner wall of the trachea is lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

62
Q

mucus trapped particles in the inner wall of the trachea are

A

moved up to the pharynx by a “mucocilliary escalator”

63
Q

any obstruction of the trachea

A

must be cleared quickly in order to preserve airflow

64
Q

during a tracheostomy

A

an incision is made in the trachea below the cricoid cartilage to create emergency air passageway

65
Q

during intubation

A

a tube is inserted into the mouth or nose and passed through larynx and trachea to open obstruction

66
Q

the trachea divides into

A

primary bronchi that enter into the lungs

67
Q

right primary bronchus is

A

shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left primary bronchus

68
Q

both primary bronchi are

A

supported by C-shaped cartilage rings

69
Q

each primary bronchus

A

branches into smaller secondary (lobar) bronchi

70
Q

each secondary bronchus

A

divides into tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which supply a different bronchopulmonary segment of the lung

71
Q

each tertiary bronchus

A

divide into bronchioles

72
Q

bronchioles are completely surrounded by

A

smooth muscle innervated by autonomic system to regulate diameter of bronchiole

73
Q

bronchioles branch repeatedly to form

A

terminal bronchioles

74
Q

each terminal bronchiole subdivides into

A

microscopic respiratory bronchioles

75
Q

each respiratory bronchiole divides into

A

several alveolar ducts

76
Q

The lungs are

A

large, conical, spongy organs located in the thoracic cavity

77
Q

the concave base of the lungs rests on

A

the diaphragm, apex projects superior to clavicle, costal surface lies against ribs

78
Q

the hilum

A

is the entrance for primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,and nerves

79
Q

each lung is covered by a

A

pleura,which consists of two layers of serous membrane

80
Q

outer parietal pleura is attached to

A

the wall of the thoracic cavity

81
Q

inner visceral pleura covers the

A

surface of each lung

82
Q

pleural cavity

A

between the pleurae is filled with fluid serous fluid to reduce friction during breathing

83
Q

pleurisy describes

A

inflammation of the pleurae caused by cancer, pneumonia, tuberculosis

84
Q

pleurisy increases

A

friction and causes “stabbing pain” and shortness of breath

85
Q

each lung is divided into

A

lobes by one or more fissures

86
Q

right lungs consists of

A

3 lobes and is larger than the left lung which only consists of 2 lobes because of cardiac notch

87
Q

each pulmonary lobe

A

receives its own secondary (lobar) bronchus

88
Q

a bronchopulmonary segment consists of

A

lobules enclosed in elastic connective tissue

89
Q

each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied with

A

a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a terminal bronchiole

90
Q

alveolar sacs consist of

A

clusters of grape-like alveoli

91
Q

each lung contains approx _______ alveoli creates________

A

150 million alveoli

creates 70 square meters of surface for gas exchange

92
Q

type 1 alveolar cells are

A

thin-walled simple squamous cells that permit rapid gas exchange

93
Q

type 2 alveolar cells produce

A

the lipoprotein surfactant; lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid to prevent collapse of alveoli during expiration

94
Q

alveolar macrophages are

A

wandering phagocytes that remove dust and debris

95
Q

the respiratory membrane is

A

a very thin barrier separating the alveoli from the blood capillaries across which gas exchange between the lungs and blood occurs

314 Exam 3 (9 decks)

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