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314 Exam 3 > The Intestines > Flashcards

The Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

the small intestine is

A

2 to 3 meters in length, averages 2.5 centimeters in diameter, and extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine

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2
Q

duodenum is

A

the shortest segment

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3
Q

jejunum is

A

middle segment

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4
Q

ileum is

A

longest segment, joins large intestine at ileocecal sphincter

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5
Q

circular folds are

A

ridges in intestinal mucosa from the duodenum to the ileum

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6
Q

circular folds purpose

A

increase surface area of small intestine and cause chyme to move in a spiral path along small intestine to enhance absorption of nutrients

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7
Q

the intestinal mucosa also forms

A

a series of finger like projections called villi

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8
Q

villi are covered with

A

mucus-secreting goblet cells and columnar absorptive cells ; increase surface area for digestion and absorption of nutrients

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9
Q

each villus has

A

a core of lamina propria that contains an arteriole, a capillary network, a venule, and a lymphatic lacteal that absorbs fat

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10
Q

each absorptive cell is covered with

A

microvilli to form a brush border near the lumen of small intestine

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11
Q

one of the enzymes released by the brush border

A

activates pancreatic enzymes

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12
Q

other enzymes released by the brush border are involved in

A

contact digestion which requires thorough mixing of chyme

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13
Q

the intestinal mucosa also contains deep crevices lined with

A

grandular epithelium

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14
Q

intestinal crypts (of Lieberkuhn)

A

similar to gastric glands
secrete intestinal juice
watery mixutre containing lots of mucous

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15
Q

paneth cells

A

secrete bactercital enzyme lysozyme

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16
Q

enterendocrine cells

A

secrete hormones secretin and cholecystokinan

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17
Q

lamina propria contains

A

lymphatic Peyer’s patches which are abundant in the ileum because they prevent bacteria from entering the blood along with absorbed nutrients

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18
Q

the submucosa of the duodenum contains

A

duodenal (Brunners) glands which secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid in the chyme

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19
Q

contractions mix

A

chyme, bile and juice

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20
Q

contractions churn chyme to

A

facilitate contact digestion

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21
Q

contractions move intestinal residue

A

towards large intestine

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22
Q

segmentations are

A

localized contractions that mix chyme with digestive secretions in order to enhance contact digestive and nutrient absorption

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23
Q

the migrating motor complex

A

a type of perstalsis that begins in the duodenum in order to push chyme forward through small intestine

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24
Q

where does the most absorption occur

A

small intestine

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25
Q

digestion of 200 to 600 of carbs daily begins

A

in mouth and completed in small intestine

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26
Q

salivary amylase gets

A

denatured by acidity of gastric juices so any starch not digested gets broken down by pancreatic amylase

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27
Q

contact digestion finishes digestion of

A

starch

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28
Q

maltase

A

a brush border enzyme that splits maltose into glucose

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29
Q

sucrase

A

a brush border enzyme that splits sucrose into glucose and fructose

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30
Q

lactase

A

a brush border enzyme that splits lactose into glucose and galactose

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31
Q

carbohydrates are absorbed as

A

monosaccharides

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32
Q

glucose and galactose are

A

actively transported into intestinal epithelium by a sodium glucose transport protein

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33
Q

fructose is absorbed into

A

intestinal epithelium by facilitated diffusion and gets converted into glucose

34
Q

monosacchardies enter into the blood capillaries of a villus by

A

faciliated diffusion

35
Q

trypsin and chymotyrpsin

A

breaks proteins into smaller peptides

36
Q

carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase

A

take small peptides apart one amino acid at a time

37
Q

amino acid absorption

A

absorped by sodium dependent active transport molecules and transported to liver by hepatic portal system

38
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

works on fat globules that have been emulcified by bile salts and splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

39
Q

fatty acids and monoglycerides are coated with

A

bile acids to form micelles which then release these components so they can diffuse into absorptive cells

40
Q

absorptive cells

A

resynthesize triglycerides and combine them with cholesterol and protein to form chylomicrons which enter lacteal and get transported to blood by lymphatic system

41
Q

Dna and rna split into

A

deoxynucleotides and ribonucleotides which are then broken down and transported across intestinal epithelium by carrier proteins to enter blood

42
Q

vitamins are absorbed

A

without change

43
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

are absorbed along with other lipids using micelles

44
Q

vitamin supplements containing D E K A must

A

be ingested with food containing fat

45
Q

water soluble vitamins are absorbed by

A

simple diffusion

46
Q

vitamin b12 must combine with

A

intrinsic factor to be absorbed

47
Q

electrolytes are absorbed

A

along the entire length of small intestine

48
Q

sodium ions

A

actively transported with monsaccharides and amino acids

49
Q

chloride ions

A

exchange for bicarbonate ions and actively transported in ileum

50
Q

potassium ions

A

absorbed by simple diffusion

51
Q

iron ions and calcium ions

A

absorbed in accordance with bodys needs

52
Q

large intestine is

A

1.5 meters in length. 6.5 cm in diameter and extends from ileum to anus

53
Q

ileocecal sphincter allows

A

materials to pass from ileum into large intestine

54
Q

cecum

A

a blind pouch that hangs below the ileocecal sphincter

55
Q

appendix

A

twisted and coiled appendix attached to cecum filled with lymphocytes

56
Q

colon

A

divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid regions

57
Q

rectum

A

a vertical extension of sigmoid colon and it contains three rectal valves that allow a person to pass gas without releasing feces

58
Q

terminal end of the rectum

A

is the anal canal which lies in the periotneum completely outside of the abdominopelvic cavity

59
Q

mucous membrane of the anal canal

A

arranged in longitudinal folds called anal columns that contain arteries and veins

60
Q

fecal matter

A

travels through the anal canal causes extra mucus to be released to lubricate anal canal

61
Q

anus

A

controlled by internal anal sphincter (smooth involuntary muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal voluntary muscle)

62
Q

the intestinal mucosa consists of

A

simple columnar epithelium without villi or circular folds

63
Q

absorptive cells

A

absorb water and goblet cells secrete mucus to lubricate colon

64
Q

chyme passage

A

chyme is passed from the ileum thru the ileocecal sphincter into the cecum by the gastroileal reflex which is triggered by the presence of food in the stomach

65
Q

the gastroileal reflex enhances

A

segmentation movements in ilium and reflexes ileocecal sphincter

66
Q

chemical digestion occurs mainly thru

A

bacterial action not enzyme action

67
Q

bacteria ferment

A

any remaining carbs and produce flatus

68
Q

flatus

A

mostly swallowed air but also contains other gases which are nitrogen and co2 hydrogen methane hydrgen sulfide unpleasant odor

69
Q

bacteria cleave

A

any remaining proteins into amino acids and break them down

70
Q

bacteria decompose

A

bilirubin into pigments that give feces color

71
Q

bacteria aid

A

in extracting some b vitamins and vitamins k which is needed for synthesizing some clotting factors

72
Q

the large intestine absorbs

A

water, minerals, vitamins, and leaves behind solid or semi solid mass of feces

73
Q

feces consists of

A

75 water, 25% solid matter of which one third is bacteria, one third is undigested fiber, and one third is inorganic salts and dead cells

74
Q

distension of the rectum

A

initiates a defecation reflex to empty rectum

75
Q

stretch receptors in wall of rectum

A

send signals to sacral spinal cord

76
Q

motor signals travel

A

along parasympathetic fibers to descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus to increase peristalsis and relax internal anal sphincter

77
Q

voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter

A

is coupled with voluntary contractions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles allows feces to be expelled from body

78
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent defecation of mostly liquid feces because chyme thru small intestine too quickly for sufficient absorption of water to occur

79
Q

chronic diarrhea

A

can be caused by stress or microbial irritation of gi mucosa and it can produce dehydration and or electrolyte imbalances

80
Q

constipation

A

infrequent or difficult defecation because feces remain in the colon for too long and too much water gets absorbed

81
Q

causes of constipation

A

improper bowel habits, insufficient bulk in ones diet, lack of exercise and stress

314 Exam 3 (9 decks)

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