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314 exam 3 > Ventilation > Flashcards

Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

airflow is governed by

A

the same principles of flow, pressure, and resistance that govern blood flow

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2
Q

atmospheric pressure drives

A

respiration

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3
Q

intrapulmonary pressure is

A

the pressure within the alveoli, also reffered to as alveolar pressure

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4
Q

direction that air flows depends on

A

the gradient between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

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5
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

states that the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of its container, at a constant temperature

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6
Q

Charles’ Law

A

states that the volume of a gas in a closed container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, at a constant pressure
ex. basketball in cold

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7
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

states that each gas in a mixture exerts a partial pressure (p) independent of the partial pressures of the other gases in the mixture

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8
Q

Henry’s Law

A

states that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to its solubility in that liquid and its partial pressure

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9
Q

for air flow into lungs,

A

intrapulmonary pressure must be lower than atmospheric air pressure and this is accomplished by increasing the volume of the lungs
-Boyles law is important here.

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10
Q

when diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

A

volume of the thoracic cavity increases

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11
Q

contraction of the diaphragm

A

increases the volume of the thoracic cavity from top to bottom

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12
Q

contraction of the external intercostal muscles

A

pulls the ribs upward and outward to increase volume of thoracic cavity from front to back

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13
Q

because the visceral and parietal pleurae adhere strongly to one another,

A

lung volume will expand as the volume of the thoracic cavity expands

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14
Q

increasing the volume of the lungs causes

A

a drop in intrapulmonary pressure

  • so atmospheric air pressure is now greater than intrapulmonary pressure, so air rushes into lungs along pressure gradient
  • Boyles law
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15
Q

normal inspiration is

A

an active process

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16
Q

normal inspiration can be increased by

A

contracting additional chest muscles, which further enlarges volume of thoracic cavity and decreases intrapulmonary pressure

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17
Q

inspiration

A

air flow into lungs

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18
Q

expiration

A

air flow out of lungs

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19
Q

for air flow out of lungs,

A

intrapulmonary pressure must be higher than atmospheric air pressure and this is accomplished by decreasing the volume of the lungs

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20
Q

when diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax,

A

volume of the thoracic cavity decreases

-volume of the thoracic cavity returns to normal, which forces lungs to become smaller

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21
Q

decreasing the volume of the lungs cause

A

a rise in intrapulmonary pressure (boyles law)
-intrapulmonary pressure is now greater than atmospheric air pressure, so air rushes out of lungs along pressure gradient

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22
Q

normal expiration during quiet breathing is

A

a passive process that can be made active by contracting abdominal and internal muscles to compress the thoracic cavity

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23
Q

resistance affects

A

airflow

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24
Q

pulmonary compliance

A

the ease with which the lungs expand relative to a change in the pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the lungs

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25
Q

high compliance means that

A

the lungs will expand easily, low compliance means lungs will resist expansion

26
Q

degenerative lung diseases

A

decrease compliance (tuberculosis)

27
Q

____________ controls resistance

A

diameter of the bronchioles

28
Q

bronchoconstriction can be triggered by

A

airborne irratants, cold air, parasympathetic innervation, or histamines

29
Q

bronchodilation can be triggered by

A

sympathetic innervationor epinephrine

30
Q

________ must be overcome for lungs to expand during each inspiration

A

alveolar surface tension

31
Q

surfactant

A

a mixture of phopholipids and lipoproteins that lowers surface tension to reduce tendency of alveoli to collapse and adhere to each other during expiration

32
Q

surfactant deficiency in premature babies leads to

A

respiratory distress syndrome, causes alveoli to collapse at end of each expiration

33
Q

some air always remains in non-respiratory airways as

A

anatomic dead space volume

34
Q

a normal, healthy adult averages ________ per minute

A

12 quiet breathing cycles

35
Q

a spirometer measures

A

volume of air exchanged during a breathing cycle

36
Q

spirometry is used to

A

measure pulmonary function

37
Q

restricitve lung disorders

A

reduce pulmonary compliance; limits inflation of lungs, which causes reduction in vital capacity

38
Q

obstructive lung disorders

A

interfere with airflow, which makes it harder to exhale

39
Q

tital volume

A

the volume of air exchanged during one breathing cycle

-about 500 mL

40
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air that can be inhaled in excess of tidal volume with maximal effort

41
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air that can be exhaled in excess of tidal volume with maximal effort

42
Q

residual volume

A

the volume of air that remains in lungs after maximum exhalation and it keeps the alveoli open

43
Q

vital capacity

A

the maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during one forced breathing cycle

44
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

the maximum volume of air tha can be inhaled after a normal expiration

45
Q

functional residual capacity

A

the resting lung volume

46
Q

total lung capacity

A

the sume of all pulmonary volumes

47
Q

the basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by

A

neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons

48
Q

inspiratory and expiratory neurons

A

travel down the spinal cord to the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves to innervate diaphragm and intercostal muscles

49
Q

the medullary rhythmicity area has

A

ventral (VRG) and dorsal (DRG) respiratory groups

50
Q

inspiratory neurons from the ventral respiratory group

A

send impulses to stimulate muscles needed for inspiration

51
Q

after about 2 seconds the impulses from the inspiratory neurons

A

cease and inspiratory muscles relax, which allows passive expiration for about 3 seconds

52
Q

expiratory neurons from the ventral respiratory group

A

fire and output stops

53
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

integrates input from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors

54
Q

the pons contains a pontine respiratory group to

A

modify the rate and depth of breathing that is established by the ventral respiratory group

55
Q

respiratory centers in the brainstem

A

receive input from a variety of sources

56
Q

input from the limbic system and hypothalamus

A

allows pain/emotion to affect respiration

57
Q

input from chemoreceptors

A

adjust breathing to maintain homeostasis

58
Q

stretch receptors in the bronchial tree and visceral peura

A

monitor lung inflation

59
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex is

A

a protective mechanism that inhibits inspiratory neurons to prevent overinflation of lungs

60
Q

voluntary control over ventilation originates in

A

the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

61
Q

Ondine’s curse

A

can be caused from brainstem damage from poliomyelitis or from an accident
automatic respiratory functions are disabled and individual must constantly remember to take each breath.
he/she cannot go to sleep without ventilator

314 exam 3 (9 decks)

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