Class 3: Menstrual Cycle

Question 1

when does menstruation start and end?

Answer 1

starts at menarche
ends at menopause

Question 2

what anatomic structures regulate the menstrual cycle?

Answer 2

hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
ovaries

Question 3

what does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 3

GnRH

Question 4

what does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 4

FSH & LH

Question 5

function of FSH

Answer 5

stimulates the developing follicles to mature

Question 6

function of LH

Answer 6

ovulation & leutenization (formation of corpus luteum)

Question 7

what do the developing follicles & graafian follicle secrete?

Answer 7

estrogen

Question 8

what does the corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 8

progesterone

Question 9

what is mittelshmerz?

Answer 9

mid-cycle pain related to ovulation

Question 10

what stimulates menstruation?

Answer 10

decreased progesterone

Question 11

how big does the graafian follicle grow to before it ruptures?

Answer 11

between 1.8-2.5 cm; average 2.0 cm

Question 12

where does the GF rupture through at ovulation?

Answer 12

tunica albuginea

Question 13

U/S appearance of the GF

Answer 13

simple cyst

Question 14

U/S appearance of the corpus luteum

Answer 14

simple cyst with thick & echogenic walls
ring of fire with CD
low resistance with PD

Question 15

what can a hemorrhagic corpus luteum mimic? (differential dx)

Answer 15

ectopic pregnancy

Question 16

what are the ovarian phases?

Answer 16

1. follicular
2. luteal

Question 17

days of the follicular phase?

Answer 17

day 1-14

Question 18

days of the luteal phase?

Answer 18

days 15-28

Question 19

what hormone is secreted during the follicular phase?

Answer 19

estrogen

Question 20

what hormone is secreted during the luteal phas?

Answer 20

progesterone

Question 21

which ovarian phase doesn’t vary in length?

Answer 21

luteal

Question 22

menstruation almost always occurs ___ days after ovulation?

Answer 22

14

Question 23

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 23

1. menstrual phase/menstruation
2. proliferative phase
3. secretory phase

Question 24

days of the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 24

1. menstrual phase: day 1-5
2. proliferative phase: days 6-14
3. secretory phase: days 15-28

Question 25

levels of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual phase

Answer 25

decreased estrogen & progesterone

Question 26

hormone that is increased during proliferative phase

Answer 26

estrogen

Question 27

hormone that is increased during the secretory phase

Answer 27

progesterone

Question 28

which part of the menstrual phase is the endometrium regenerating?

Answer 28

proliferative

Question 29

which part of the menstrual phase is the endometrium the largest & thickest?

Answer 29

secretory phase

Question 30

normal endometrium measurement in the reproductive years?

Answer 30

up to 14 mm

Question 31

normal endometrium measurement in the postmenopausal years?

Answer 31

less than 5 mm

Question 32

normal endometrium measurement in the postmenopausal years with HRT

Answer 32

varies but less than or equal to 8mm

Question 33

which uterine phase is the endometrium 4-8 mm with some internal echoes

Answer 33

during menses day 1-4

Question 34

what is the size of the endometrium during late menses?

Answer 34

2-3 mm; thinnest endometrium

Question 35

what size is the endometrium during the early proliferative phase?

Answer 35

still thin but thicker than late menses: 5-8 mm

Question 36

what size is the endometrium during late proliferative phase?

Answer 36

up to 11 mm

Question 37

which uterine phase can you find the 3 line sign?

Answer 37

late proliferative phase

Question 38

what size is the endometrium at the secretory phase? what is the US app?

Answer 38

up to 14 mm
thickest echogenic line
posterior enhancement