module 4 - 10.4 evidence for evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what is evolution?

A

when things change - not always improvement

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2
Q

what are the 4 sources of evidence of evolution by natural selection?

A
  • palaeontology
  • comparative anatomy
  • comparative biochemistry
  • evolutionary or comparative embryology
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3
Q

what is palaentology?

A

scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the holocene epoch

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4
Q

what is comparative anatomy?

A

study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

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5
Q

what is comparative biochemistry?

A

similarities & differences in amino acid sequences in proteins & base sequences in DNA & RNA

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6
Q

what is evolutionary or comparative embryology?

A

study of similarities and differences between embryos

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7
Q

what evidence is there for evolution by natural selection?

A
  • fossils of simplest organisms, bacteria and simple algae are found in older rocks
  • plant fossils appear before animal fossils - animals depend on plants for food
  • study structural features of each fossil in sequence
  • shows relationships of extinct and extanct species
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8
Q

what are the homologous structures within comparative anatomy?

A
  • structures similar in different species
  • species evolved by divergent evolution from common ancestor
  • may/may not perform same function
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9
Q

what are the analogous structures within comparative anatomy?

A
  • structure in different species
  • species have evolved by convergent evolution
  • evolved from similar environment but not from recent common ancestor
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10
Q

what biochemical processes are all known extant organisms based on?

A

genetic information encoded as nucleic acid, transcribed into RNA, then translated into proteins by highly conserved ribosomes

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11
Q

what is the energy currency for all extant life?

A

ATP

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12
Q

what do DNA sequences show?

A

degree of relatedness between organisms

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13
Q

what allowed the 3 domain system?

A

sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA gene

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14
Q

what evidence is there for natural selection within comparative biochemistry to do with proteins?

A

variance of the protein CYTOCHROME C in living cells

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15
Q

what is 16S ribsosomal RNA?

A

the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome

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16
Q

what are the genes coding for 16S rRNA called?

A

16S rRNA gene

17
Q

what are the base sequences for the 16S rRNA gene used for?

A

used to construct phylogenetic trees dur to slow rates of evolution in the genes

18
Q

what is cytochrome c?

A
  • small haem-protein found with inner membrane of mitochontrion
  • highly conserved
19
Q

what is the function of cytochrome c?

A

electron carrier in aerobic respiration AND has a role in apoptosis

20
Q

what evidence is there for evolutionary or comparative embryology within animals?

A
  • all animal embryos look very similar in early development & develop in similar ways
  • animal embyos have a yolk sac
21
Q

what evidence is there for evolutionary or comparative embryology within vertebrate embryos?

A

all have gill-like slits in early development

22
Q

what are Hox genes and what evidence is there for evolutionary or comparative embryology?

A
  • a group of related genes that specify regions in an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals
  • they are ancient genes and highly conserved
23
Q
A