module 4 - 10.5 types of variation Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of variation?

A
  • interspecific variation
  • intraspecific vartiantion
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2
Q

what is interspecific variation?

A

differences between individuals of different species

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3
Q

what is intraspecific variation?

A

differences between individuals of the same species

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4
Q

what are the 2 causes of variation?

A
  • genetic variation
  • environmental variation
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5
Q

what is genetic variation?

A

differences between individuals genetic material

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6
Q

what is environmental variation?

A

differences between individuals environment

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7
Q

what are the genetic causes of variation?

A
  • mutations
  • alleles
  • meiosis
  • sexual reproduction
  • random fertilisation
  • genetic drift
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8
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes in the base sequence of the genetic material of an organism

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9
Q

what are the 4 classes of mutations?

A
  1. spontaneous mutations
  2. mutations due to error-prone replication of DNA
  3. errors introduced during DNA repair
  4. induced mutations caused by mutagens
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10
Q

what are mutagens?

A

things that produce mutated alleles

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11
Q

what are alleles?

A
  • different versions of a gene
  • produced by mutations
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12
Q

what are most of the mutations like in alleles?

A
  • neutral
  • no observable change in function of protein or RNA product
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13
Q

what is a gene?

A

basic unit of heredity & is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA/RNA that encodes synthesis of RNA/polypeptide

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14
Q

what is meiosis?

A

nuclear division to produce gametes

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15
Q

how does meiosis generate genetic assortment?

A
  • independent assortment
  • crossing over
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16
Q

what is independent assortment?

A

independent orientation homologous chromosome pairs along metaphase plate during metaphase 1 and orientation of sister chromatids in metaphase 2

17
Q

what is crossing over?

A

the physical exchange of homologous chromosomal regions by homologous recombination during prophase 1

18
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

reproduction by joining genetic material from 2 genetically different organisms

19
Q

what is random fertilisation?

A

the effect of chance as to which gametes fuse in fertilisation

20
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

change in frequency of an allele in a population due to random sampling of organisms that reproduce

21
Q

what does genetic drift cause?

A
  • causes alleles to disappear completely and reduce genetic variation
  • causes initially rare alleles to be more frequent/fixed
22
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A
  • doesn’t involve fusion of gametes or change in number of chromosomes
  • offspring inherit full set of genes from single parent
  • happens by mitosis
23
Q

how does genetic variation occur in asexual reproduction?

A

mutations

24
Q

how can prokaryotes increase genetic variation?

A
  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
25
Q

what is conjugation?

A

DNA transfer by direct contact

26
Q

what is transformation?

A
  • uptake of DNA from the environment
27
Q

what is transduction?

A

DNA transfer from a virus

28
Q

why are plants more affected by their environment?

A

because they are sessile

29
Q

what are 2 examples of pure environmental variation?

A
  1. taraxacum officinal - dandelions show different leave form and size when grown in sunny/shaded locations
  2. hydrangea macrophylla - flower colour depends on availability of aluminium ions in soil, which depends on soil pH