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Microbiology > 23 - Cardiovascular & Lymphatic infections > Flashcards

23 - Cardiovascular & Lymphatic infections Flashcards

1
Q

Sepsis

A

blood infection (systemic inflammation)

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2
Q

Septicemia

A

microbes or toxins in blood

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3
Q

Symptoms of sepsis

A
  • fever, rapid heart rate, high WBC
  • drop in blood pressure (shock)
  • organ dysfunction and failure
  • most common cause is Gram +
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4
Q

Lymphangitis

A

inflamed lymph vessels, red streaks

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5
Q

Septic shock

A

low blood pressure that can no longer be controlled with fluids (gram negative cause this because of endotoxin release)

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6
Q

Anthrax organism

A

bacteria - Bacillus anthracis

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7
Q

What are the four virulence factors of anthrax?

A
  1. edema toxin (interferes with phagocytosis)
  2. lethal toxin (targets and kill macrophages)
  3. capsule (made of a.a. residues)
  4. protective antigen (used on both toxins to bind to target cells)
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8
Q

What are the 3 forms of anthrax?

A
  1. cutaneous
  2. gastrointestinal
  3. inhalational
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9
Q

Cutaneous anthrax

A
  • most common human cases
  • enters through a skin lesion
  • papules form, rupture and ulcerated area becomes black with a scab
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10
Q

Gastrointestinal anthrax

A
  • transmitted through ingestion of undercooked food with endospores
  • symptoms: nausea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, ulcerated lesions in GI tract
  • 50% mortality
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11
Q

Inhalational anthrax

A
  • symptoms fever, coughing, chest pain
  • transmitted by inhalation -> septic shock to death
  • appx. 100% mortality
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12
Q

Anthrax treatment

A

antibiotics are effective early on and human vaccine is available which prevents entry of toxins

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13
Q

Gangrene

A

death of tissue from loss of blood supply - most common microbe is Clostridium perfringens

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14
Q

Symptoms of gangrene

A
  • ischemia (blood supply interrupted)
  • necrosis (death of tissue)
    these both can lead to gas gangrene….
  • bacteria grow and ferment carbs which leads to gas production and swelling of tissue also toxins produce lead to further bacteria growth
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15
Q

Treatment of gangrene

A
  • gangrene (cleaning and antibiotics)
  • gas gangrene (amputation/hyperbaric chamber)
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16
Q

Plague

A

“black death” - Yersinia pestis - bacteria

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17
Q

Plague transmission

A

through a flea bite (not person-person) -> bacteria enters bloodstream

other: skinning infected animals, domestic cats (scratches, bites or licks), or rats

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18
Q

Plague symptoms

A
  • proliferates in lymph and blood (grows inside phagocytic cells)
  • lymph nodes in groin and armpit become enlarged (buboes)
  • fever
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19
Q

What are 2 different types of plague?

A
  1. septicemic plague - bacteria enter blood (septic shock)
  2. pneumonic plague - bacteria enter lungs; spread through lungs (100% mortality)
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20
Q

Plague treatment

A

antibiotics - vaccine available

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21
Q

Lyme disease organism

A

Borrelia burgdorferi - spirochete

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22
Q

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

A

field mice reservoir - nymphal stage of ticks feed on mice and then infect humans

feed 3 times in life cycle (1&2 larva and nymph of mice and 3 as adult on deer)

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23
Q

Lyme disease phases

A
  1. 1st phase: (rash at bite site - clear in center) then flu-like symptoms
  2. 2nd phase: heart is affected, irregular beat requires pacemaker - neurological symptoms - facial paralysis, fatigue, memory less, meningitis, encephalitis
  3. 3rd phase: months-years, arthritis
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24
Q

Lyme disease treatment

A
  • antibiotics during early stages
  • large amounts later stages
25
Q

Epidemic typhus organism

A

Rickettsia prowazekii - bacteria

26
Q

Epidemic typhus symptoms

A

fever,rash, hemorrhaging, high mortality if untreated

27
Q

Epidemic typhus transmission

A

lice feces; unsanitary conditions

28
Q

Epidemic typhus treatment

A

antibiotics most effect; controlling unsanitary conditions most important

29
Q

Rickettsias - typhus disease transmission

A

arthropod vectors - squirrel reservoir

30
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever organism

A

Rickettsia rickettsi (bacteria)

31
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever symptoms

A
  • macular rash
  • similar to measles except on palms and soles
  • fever and headache
  • 3% fatal
32
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever transmission

A

tickborne typhus - parasite of ticks

33
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever treatment

A

antibiotics effective if early - no vaccine

34
Q

Infectious mononucleosis organism

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ) - Herpes virus (double-stranded DNA)

35
Q

Mono symptoms

A

asymptomatic or general viral symptoms (15-25 peak incidence)

36
Q

Mono transmission

A

transfer through saliva (kissing, sharing drinks, etc)

37
Q

Mono treatment

A

rest, low activity (enlarged spleen)

38
Q

Cytomegalovirus organism

A

herpes virus (aka CMV)

  • remains latent
  • forms inclusion bodies
39
Q

CMV symptoms

A
  • newborns: intellectual disability, hearing loss
  • adults: no symptoms or mild mono symptoms
  • immunocompromised: pneumonia, life threatening
40
Q

Treatments for CMV

A

antivirals and no vaccine

41
Q

Transmission of CMV

A

body fluids

42
Q

Chikungunya organism, symptoms, transmission

A
  • viral infection
  • high fever, severe crippling joint pains, and rash with blisters
  • vector: mosquito
43
Q

Toxoplasmosis organism

A

Toxoplasma gondii - protozoan (spores)

44
Q

Toxoplasmosis transmission

A
  • carried in cats they don’t get sick but shed in feces
  • undercooked meats
45
Q

Toxoplasmosis symptoms

A
  • inflammation
  • chronic infection (tissue cyst where parasite lives w/in the brain)
  • can cause stillbirth
46
Q

Treatment for toxoplasmosis

A

treatment available doesn’t effect chronic phase of cysts and is toxic

47
Q

Malaria organism

A

Plasmodium (protozoa)

48
Q

Malaria transmission

A

mosquito vector

49
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

chills, fever, vomiting, headache

50
Q

What are the 4 species of plasmodium

A
  1. P. vivax (most prevalent - benign)
  2. P. ovale (lack of energy - low incidence)
  3. P. malariae (lack of energy - low incidence)
  4. P. falciparum (most dangerous - RBCs infected and killed)
51
Q

Malaria treatment

A
  • vaccines are in development
  • anti-protozoan
  • prevention: insecticide treated bed nets
52
Q

What are the 4 major hemorrhagic fevers?

A
  1. yellow fever - flavivirus
  2. dengue - flavivirus
  3. marburg/ebola - filovirus
  4. hantavirus - bunyavirus
53
Q

What are the treatments for hemorrhagic viruses?

A

none

54
Q

Yellow Fever

A
  • endemic in tropical areas
  • monkeys (natural reservoir) but can have human to human - entry through skin (mosquito)
  • vaccine available
  • symptoms: fever, chills, headache, jaundice
55
Q

Dengue

A
  • mosquito vector
  • fever, muscle and joint pain, rash
56
Q

Marburg Virus

A
  • green monkey virus
  • african monkeys
  • blood contact
  • symptoms: headache, muscle pain, high fever, vomiting blood and bleeding everywhere - leads to death from organ failure and shock
57
Q

Ebola

A
  • blood contact
  • blood vessel walls damaged, interferes with coagulation
  • cave fruit bats: reservoir
  • shed through blood and body fluids
58
Q

Hantavirus

A
  • inhalation transmission
  • lungs fill with fluid/pneumonia
  • reservoir: fied mice

Microbiology (23 decks)

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