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Biology Units 3&4 > UNIT 4 7B: Second Line of defence > Flashcards

UNIT 4 7B: Second Line of defence Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammatory response

A

heat, pain, redness, swelling and loss of function as part of the innate immune response to harmful stimuli

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2
Q

Mast Cell

A

White blood cell involved in inflammatory response, releasing histamine, triggering inflammation

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3
Q

Histamine

A

Compound released by cells to start an inflammatory response

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4
Q

Macrophage

A

White blood cell that carries out phagocytosis and may act as an antigen-presenting cell,
releases cytokines to attract more immune cells to the area of infection

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5
Q

Cytokines

A

Compounds released by cells as chemical signals to other cells

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6
Q

Neutrophil

A

White blood cell that carries out phagocytosis and kills pathogens with defensins

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7
Q

Dendritic cell

A

White blood cell with many folds in its membrane, carries out phagocytosis and acts as antigen-presenting cell to the adaptive immune system

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8
Q

Natural Killer Cell

A

Part of the innate/non specific response (2nd line of defence), that recognises damaged or missing MHC 1 markers on a eukaryotic (host) cell
Releases perforin

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9
Q

Perforin

A

A protein that kills cells by making holes in their plasma membranes

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10
Q

Eosinophil

A

White blood cell that targets parasites

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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which a solid substance enters a cell via vesicle mediated transport

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12
Q

Phagosome

A

A vesicle that engulfs a pathogen during phagocytosis

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13
Q

Antigen-presenting cell

A

A specific type of white blood cell that uses phagocytosis to engulf a pathogen

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

Death and disintegration of a cell through a controlled process

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15
Q

Lysis

A

Breakdown of the cell membrane

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16
Q

Description/function of complement proteins

A

-Circulate in the blood

-Can cause lysis by puncturing the pathogen’s plasma membrane

-Coat pathogens to make them more identifiable for phagocytes and to reduce the pathogen’s mobility

17
Q

Description of Cytokines

A

Signalling molecule of the immune system

Released by immune cells and acts on other specific immune cells (lymphocytes)
to activate further adaptive immune responses

18
Q

Examples of Cytokines

A

Interleukins and interferons

19
Q

Interferon

A

A type of cytokine released by an infected host cell that defends against further viral infections

Attracts NK cells to assist in killing virus-infected host cells

20
Q

Histamine

A

A signalling molecules released by mast cells that initiates the inflammatory response

21
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of a blood vessel (especially capilalries), to increase blood flow

22
Q

Key components of the inflammatory response (CCMMVN)

A

-Cytokines
-Complement proteins
-Mast cells
-Macrophages
-Vasodilation
-Neutrophils

23
Q

Fever

A

A rise in body temperature caused by infection, can be caused by cytokines from the inflammatory response

24
Q

How is an increase in body temperature during vasodilation beneficial to the immune response

A

Most bacteria and viruses prefer a lower body temperature in order to replicate more efficiently, while the immune cells perform better at slightly higher temperatures

25
Q

Key steps of the inflammatory response

A
  1. Mast cells release histamine
  2. Histamine induces vasodilation, resulting in an increase in blood vessel permeability, blood flow, heat, redness and swelling
    3.Phagocytes(such as neutrophils, macrophages) leave the blood and enter the infected tissue
  3. phagocytes are attracted by histamines and engulf and destroy the pathogen
  4. Macrophages secrete interleukins, which leads to fever
26
Q

Key steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocyte engulfs a pathogen via endocytosis
  2. Vesicle surrounding the pathogen forms a phagosome
    3.Lysosomes containing lysozyme attach to the phagosome and release their content to digest the pathogen
  3. Debris is released via exocytosis and antigens may be presented on an MHC 2 markerif the phagocyte is acting as an APC
27
Q

Which phagocyte is first to the site of infection

A

Neutrophils

28
Q

Aims of the inflammatory response

A

to destroy the cause and products of an infection
to confine the infection to a small area
To increase the rate at which damaged cells are repaired or replaced

29
Q

What is pus composed of

A

living and dead white blood cells and pathogens

30
Q

Similarities between natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells

A

Both target:
Virus infected host cells
transplanted tissue/organs
both release perforin which punctures holes in infected cell, lysing the cell

Biology Units 3&4 (38 decks)

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