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Physiology exam 1 > sensory systems > Flashcards

sensory systems Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the sensory system

A

provide the CNS with representation of the external and internal environment

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2
Q

functions of sensory system- external environment

A

provides information about the external environment that is crucial for survival (location of food and sources of danger)

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3
Q

functions of sensory system- internal environment

A

state of internal environment constantly monitored as a part of homeostatic feedback

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4
Q

somatic senses provide information from the body surface like

A

touch, pressure, vibration, temp, pain, proprioception

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5
Q

what is proprioception

A

position of the body in space

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6
Q

what is nociception

A

pain receptors that have varying degrees of sensitivity to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

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7
Q

what do visceral senses do

A

provides information from internal organs that does not reach our consciousness, but is essential for maintenanceof homeostasis

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8
Q

example of visceral sense

A

blood pressure, pH, and temperature

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9
Q

what are special senses

A

receptors that are concentrated on specific organs located on the head

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10
Q

example of special sense

A

olfaction, vision, taste, hearing, and equilibrium

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11
Q

our conscious interpretation of the external word as created by the brain from a pattern of nerve impulses delivered from sensory receptors

A

perception

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12
Q

sensory information can be suppressed, attenuated, or ignored and perception can be affected by our past (T/F)

A

True

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13
Q

stimulus

A

a change detectable by the body

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14
Q

stimuli exist in a variety of

A

energy forms or modalities

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15
Q

process of conversion of nonelectrical forms of environmental energy into electrical events that can be transmitted and processed by the NS

A

sensory transduction

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16
Q

adequate stimulus

A

a stimulus that has the lowest threshold of detection and every sensory receptors has this

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17
Q

example of adequate stimulus

A

photoreceptors in the retina= light
chemoreceptors= pH, O2, smell, and taste
mechnoreceptors= stretch, tissue displacement, and vibration
thermorecpetors= hot/cold
nociceptors

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18
Q

the simplest receptors are

A

free nerve endings (temp and pain)

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19
Q

pacinian capsule

A

connective tissue capsule that surrounds nerve endings

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20
Q

stimulation of sensory receptor alters its membrane permeability, leading to a graded

A

receptor potential (generator potential)

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21
Q

receptor potential is

A

localized depolarization due to an influx of positive charges

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22
Q

higher stimulus intensity means a higher

A

frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron

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23
Q

population coding

A

it is supplemented by the stems intensity information and it refers to the # of receptors that respond to the same stimulus

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24
Q

adaption prevents

A

a flood of irrelevant sensory information to the CNS

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25
Q

what receptor does not adapt to maintained stimuli

A

nociceptors- can make it more sensitive

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26
Q

fast action potential does what to adaption

A

rapid adaptation

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27
Q

a receptor can only transduce a stimulus that is applied to

A

a restricted area or receptive field of the receptor

28
Q

3 primary sensory neurons overlap to form a

A

sensory receptive field

29
Q

primary sensory neurons converge where

A

on one secondary sensory neuron

30
Q

information form the secondary receptive field goes where

A

the brain

31
Q

convergences allows multiple stimuli to sum where

A

postsynaptic (secondary) neuron

32
Q

The size of the secondary receptive field determines

A

how sensitive the given area is to the stimulus

33
Q

two point discrimination varies with

A

size of the secondary receptive field

34
Q

small areas like fingertips relationship with receptive fields

A

smaller field, 1:1 relationship between primary and secondary neurons

35
Q

clinically two point discrimination is used

A

to test the integrity of the dorsal column system

36
Q

what is the dorsal column system

A

central pathway for touch and proprioception

37
Q

where is the site of decussation for the DCML

A

level of the medulla

38
Q

spinothalamic (anterolateral) tract function

A

conveys pain and temperature sensory input

39
Q

where is the site of decussation for the spinothalamic tract

A

level of the spinal cord

40
Q

clearinghouse for all information that wants to get into the cortex besides olfactory

A

thalamus

41
Q

DCML and ST relay info via

A

thalamus

42
Q

what do lesions in somatosensory cortex do

A

impair somatic sensation, and electrical stimulation evokes somatic sensations in specific parts of the body contralaterally

43
Q

somatotopic map represents

A

aka homunculus, body surface

44
Q

the amount of cortex representing a given area reflects

A

importance of the sensory input

45
Q

most common symptoms patients seek medical attention for

A

pain

46
Q

sensation of pain alerts to

A

real or impeding tissue injury and triggers appropriate protective responses

47
Q

pain involves what complex experiences

A

transduction of noxious environmental stimuli and cognitive/emotional processing of the brain

48
Q

delta fibers

A

relay primary pain, myelinated, and have a larger diameter that C fibers

49
Q

acts as major neurotransmitters in nociceptive pathways

A

substance P, glutamate, and calcitonin

50
Q

free nerve endings responsible for transduction of painful stimuli express a large array of _____ and ______

A

receptors and channels

51
Q

transduce into electrical activity by specific ion channels sensitive to heat, mechanical stimuli, protons and cold

A

noxious stimuli

52
Q

Noxious stimuli pathway

A

spinal cord- central pathways- cortex

53
Q

TRP (transient receptor potential) channels

A

most aggressively pursued drug target, modulated by low pH, activated by noxious heat and capsaicin

54
Q

chronic exposure to capsaicin can cause

A

degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers

55
Q

capsaicin exposure

A

first stimulates, then desensitizes TRPV1 channel

56
Q

chronic nociceptive pain can be referred to as

A

inflammatory pain

57
Q

nociceptive pain is caused by

A

tissue injury and stimulation of nociceptors

58
Q

components of “inflammatory soup”

A

bradykinin, prostaglandins, serotonin, nerve growth factor, ATP, H+

59
Q

what does inflammatory soup do

A

activates specific receptors of nocioceptive fibers igniting neurogenic inflammation

60
Q

nociceptive fibers relay painful stimuli to brain and participate in inflammatory response

A

neurogenic inflammation

61
Q

stimulation of C fibers releases

A

substance p and calcitonin gene

62
Q

what does substance P and calcitonin gene release do

A

induce vasodilation, leakage of proteins and fluid from blood vessels, edema, activation of mast cells,

63
Q

what is substance P

A

peptide neurotransmitter that functions as the vomitting center in the medulla

64
Q

substance P receptor

A

Neurokinin 1

65
Q

substance P works with what in the nociceptive pathway

A

calcitonin and glutamate

66
Q

Brain has a built in

A

analgesic system

67
Q

stimulation of the analgesic pathway leads to release of

A

endogenous opioids

Physiology exam 1 (10 decks)

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