social and cultural diversity Flashcards
AMCD
association for multicultural counseling development; previously known as Assoc for non-white concerns in personnel and guidance (1972)
multicultural
championing the idea of celebrating diversity
cultural pluralism
minority cultural group keeping their own unique cultural values
macroculture
majority culture/dominant culture
cultural relativity
behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture
culture epoch theory
all cultures pass through the sames tages of development in terms of evolving and maturing-multicultural experts do not believe do not believe this is a valid perspective
freuds theory of group psychology
group was held together by a bond between the leader and the group members
emile durkheim
one of the founders of modern sociology-well known for research into suicide-took group phenomena into formal research
william mcdougall
father of ‘hormic psychology’ a darwinian viewpoint-individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate tendencies. a 1908 landmark ‘intro to social psychology’
books helped to introduce social psychology=introduction to social psychology (ind as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals)
instrumental to early years of social psych movement
freud, durkheim, mcdougall
instinct aggression theory
freud: man is driven by instincts of sex and aggression
lorenz: also believes in aggression as instinct
mcdougall: also instinct theorist
social learning theory
emphasizing environment rather than genetics; Non-behavioristic therapy: person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important
albert bandura
popularized social learning theory; noted children who viewed aggression then learned and mimicked aggression
leon festinger
discovered that friendship and attraction are highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other. suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort. i.e. “i’d rather enjoy smoking now than live longer” (cog dissonance in play)
cog dissonance reduction strategies
consistent cognitions (changing one’s minds to fit the facts of the situation)
denial (minimizes tension by denying one’s true thoughts/feelings)
cog dissonance theory
a person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior
social psychologist term propinquity means
tendency for people who are in close proximity to be attracted to each other
reciprocity of attraction
we like ppl who like us
matching hypothesis
we pick partners who match our level of attractiveness
contextualism
behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which it occurs
carol gilligan
believed kohlbers theory of moral dev was more applicable to males than females
prognosis
probability that one can recover from a condition
philip zimbardo stanford prison experiment
artificial prison envr in which participants fell into roles “too easily”>people conform to social roles
dollard/miller hypothesis
asserts that frustration (being blocked from a goal) leads to aggression
deindividuation
losing one’s identity
balance theory
people strive for consistency/balances in their beliefs systems. individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs
mores
plural of mos; develop as a given group decides what is good and bad for the welfare of the ppl; behaviors based on morals. breaking mores causes harm and punishment
folkways
describe correct, normal or habitual behavior. breaking folkways causes ebarrasment
Anne Fernald
discovered that there can be a 6 month language gap between children in poverty v. those who are not. Lack of environmental stimulation at any SES can hinder vocalization development
Emory Bogardus
1920s, developed social distance scale which evaluated how individuals feel towards other ethnic groups