Pathology - musculoskeletal system

Question 1

osteoarthritis

Answer 1

• causes: inflammatoru process, metabolic disorders
• sx: joint stiffness/pain, fluid surrounding joint, grating sound w joing movemnet
• tx: NSAIDs, intra-articular injections, arthroscopy, joint replacement surgery

Question 2

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 2

• causes: autoimmune
• sx: destruction of joint capsule causing scar tissue to form, visible joint deformity, loss of joint mobility
• tx: NSAIDs, exercise, heat/cold therapies, cortisone injections, surgery to remove scar tissue

Question 3

Bursitis

Answer 3

• causes: overuse, joint trauma, bacterial infection
• sx: joint pain/swelling
• tx: rest, pain meds, steroid injection, aspiriation of joint fluid, abx

Question 4

Ewing’s sacroma family of tumors

Answer 4

• causes: unknown, age 10-20 y/os, male sex
• sx: fever, pain at tumor site, fractures, bruising
• tx: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant

Question 5

gout

Answer 5

• causes: deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in joint spaces
• sx: joint pain, common in big toe/knee joints, stiffness, swelling
• tx: dietary changes, pain meds, meds to aid in elimination of uric acid in kidnets during urine formation

Question 6

kyphosis

Answer 6

• causes: growth retardation/improepr development of growth plates, aging and degenerative disk disease contribute to adult onset
• sx: visible upper back curvature
• exercise, back bracing, harrington rod, spnial fusion in extreme cases

Question 7

Lordosis

Answer 7

• causes: injury, poor posture, wearing high heels
• sx: inward curvature of lowe back
• tx: corrective shoes, exercise

Question 8

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 8

• causes: hereditary
• sx: dental issues, fractures at birth, loose joints, muslce weakness, respiratory issues, blue sclera of the eye, triangle shaped face, small stature, spinal curvature
• tx: fracture repair, surgery with metal rodding, PT, bracing

Question 9

osteoporosis

Answer 9

• causes: hormone deficiencies, sedentary lifestyle, lack of vit D, corticosteroid use, smoking
• sx: fractures, most common in the spine/wrists/hips, loss of height, can results in kyphosis
• tx: meds, hormone replacement therapy, exercise supplements

Question 10

Paget’s disease

Answer 10

• causes: hereditary viral
• sx: bone pain and deformity, fractures, excessive bone destruction
• tx: surgery, meds, PT

Question 11

Osteosarcome

Answer 11

• causes: unknown
• sx: pain in affected bones, swelling w development of tumor growth
• tx: surgery chemotherapy/radiation, amputation of affected limb

Question 12

Scoliosis

Answer 12

• causes: possibly genetic, can begin prenatally during formation of vertebrae, muslce weakness
• sx: bent appearing spine, back pain
• tx: back bracing, PT, surergy with rod placement

Question 13

Fibromyalgia

Answer 13

• causes: unknown, exacerbated by sleep deprivation, emotional distress, depression
• sx: fatigue, point tenderness/trigger points, chronic facial pain, sleep disturbances
• tx: antidepressants, NSAIDs, PT, trigger point injections

Question 14

Muscular dystrophy

Answer 14

• causes: hereditary
• sx: muslce weakness leading to eventual paralysis of muslce groups
• tx: PT, bracing, ambulatory devices, meds

Question 15

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 15

• causes: autoimmine
• sx: double vision, muscle weakness, dysphagia, difficulty shewing/breathing
• tx: avoiding excessive stress, rest, eye patch, meds

Question 16

Tendonitis

Answer 16

• causes: sports/activity related
• sx: pain in joints, limited range of motion in joint
• tx: rest, ice, NSAIDs

Question 17

tetanus

Answer 17

• causes: toxin produced by clostridium tetani
• sx: muscle spasm in jaw/neck, dyspnea, fever, irritability, sweating/drooling
• tx: antitoxin and abx meds