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Human biology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What changes occur to make cells cancerous?

A

Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes that control the cell cycle can cause accelerated rates of cell division. Cells are non-specialized and cannot perform the normal functions of the organ.

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2
Q

What characteristics do cancer cells have?

A

Non-specialized are poorly differentiated- look different from normal cells in the same tissue.
and have abnormal membranes, cytoskeletal proteins, and morphology.

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3
Q

Define the terms ‘malignant’ and ‘metastasis’.

A

Malignant tumors have the ability to spread and invade other tissues.
Metastasis: the break-away of malignant cells which invade other tissues/organs

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4
Q
  1. There are many lifestyle factors that can increase a person’s chances of developing cancer. Identify 3 carcinogenic agents and explain how they each can cause cancer.
A
  • Tobacco smoke
  • Alcohol
  • asbestos
    transform normal cells into cancerous cells, through mutagenic and epigenetic events which affect the expression and functions of genes. If mutations occur in genes that control the cell cycle the cells divide uncontrollably.
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5
Q
  1. Describe ways that humans can reduce their risk of cancer caused by carcinogenic agents.
A
  • Limit alcohol
  • Healthy diet- vitamin/antioxidants reduce the impact of carcinogens on cells.
  • Healthy weight and exercise
  • Limit exposure to asbestos and tobacco smoke.
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6
Q

Cervical cancer diagnostic

A

Cervical cancer
Pap smear - Cells collected from outside and inside the cervix-examined under a microscope detecting the human papillomavirus (HPV) *

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7
Q

cervical cancer symptoms

A
  • vaginal bleeding between periods.
  • menstrual bleeding that is longer or heavier than usual.
  • bleeding after intercourse.
  • pain during intercourse.
  • unusual vaginal discharge.
  • vaginal bleeding after menopause.
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8
Q

cervical causes

A

human papillomavirus (HPV), low socio-economic status, smoking, marrying before age 18 years, young age at the first coitus, multiple sexual partners, multiple sexual partners of spouse, and multiple childbirths.

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9
Q

Bowel cancer diagnostics

A

colonoscopy or Biopsy and examination cells.

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10
Q

bowel symptoms

A

change in bowel habits with diarrhea, constipation, or the feeling of incomplete emptying.
* thin bowel movements.
* blood in the stools.
* abdominal pain, bloating, or cramping.
* anal or rectal pain.
* a lump in the anus or rectum.
* weight loss.
* fatigue.

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11
Q

bowel causes

A

Diet – red and processed meat,
Lack of dietary fiber

Overweight

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12
Q

Prostate cancer diagnostics

A

PSA Prostate-specific antigen blood test by your GP and the digital rectal examination by a urologist- biopsy and examination of cells. Blood test for PSA
Rectal examination
For enlargement of the gland -> biopsy of the gland

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13
Q

prostate c symptoms

A
  • Frequent urination.
  • Weak or interrupted urine flow or the need to strain to empty the bladder.
  • The urge to urinate frequently at night.
  • Blood in the urine.
  • Blood in the seminal fluid.
  • New onset of erectile dysfunction.
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14
Q

prostate c causes

A

High animal fat diet

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15
Q

Breast cancer diag

A

Lump detection
Mammogram
biopsy
Women encouraged to check breasts for changes
Mammogram over 50-74
Fine-needle biopsy- lump ectomy.

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16
Q

breast c symptoms

A
  • New lump in the breast or underarm (armpit).
  • Thickening or swelling of part of the breast.
  • Irritation or dimpling of breast skin.
17
Q

bcc

A

High fat diet
Age
Strong Genetic factors
Oestogen/ HRT
Being over weight.

18
Q

lcd

A
  1. chest x-ray.
  2. CT scan of the chest.
  3. biopsy – lab tests on a tissue sample removed from your chest by CT-guided lung biopsy, bronchoscopy, endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), mediastinoscopy or thoracoscopy.
  4. sputum cytology – lab tests on a sample of mucus from the lungs.
19
Q

lc s

A
  • shortness of breath and wheezing.
  • hoarseness.
  • chest pain.
  • coughing or spitting up blood.
  • a new cough that does not go away.
  • recurring bronchitis or pneumonia.
  • loss of appetite.
  • unexplained weight loss.
20
Q

lcc

A

Smoking
Passive smoking
Radon gas
Asbestos

21
Q
  1. Describe how legislation implemented by the Australian Government works towards reducing the incidence of cancer amongst the Australian population. Refer to specific examples to support your answer
A
  • Gardisil vaccine for teenagers
  • Skin cancer awareness programs
  • Government advertising campaigns
  • Taxes on cigarettes to make it less affordable
  • Cancer council strategies
  • Screening and detection- pap smears every 5 years
  • Alcohol and cigarette minimum ages

Human biology (15 decks)

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