compounding II: equipment, stabilty & exccipients

Question 1

hypodermic (paranteral)
sterile compounding syringes

Answer 1

syringes are commonly used for sterile compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags

Question 2

luer lock

Answer 2

luer lock tip is designed to screw into leur lock connectors on pt’s IV access catheter or onto a needle

Question 3

oral syringes

Answer 3

ONLY for oral use!, or NG tube but orally!

place sticker that says for oral use!
use syringe that prevents connection to IV port
oral syringe- birth color plungers/cap
clear communication of route

Question 4

Class III (class A) torsion balance

Answer 4

have internal weights, which are used to weigh <1 gram and when weighing >1 g external weights are added to the pan

Question 5

sensitivity requirement
- torsion balance

Answer 5

torsion balances have a sensitivity requirement (SR), most often 6mg, meaning 6mg can be added or removed before dials moves 1 division

Question 6

minimum weighable quantity (MWQ)
- torsion balance

Answer 6

calculated based on SR and
acceptable error rate (typically 0.05 or 5%)
MWQ= SR/acceptable error rate

Question 7

wetting agents

Answer 7

reduces surface tension between a liquid and solid to permit the substance to more easily spread
levigating agents can be referred to as wetting agents

Question 8

emulsifiers

Answer 8

emulsion, two or more liquids which are not able to blend together (immiscible)
emulsifiers help keep the liquid droplets dispersed throughout the liquid vehicle
prevent to liquid from separating

Question 9

suspending agents

Answer 9

solid dispersed in liquid, suspending agents help keep solid particles from settling- don’t keep this for long so suspension must be shaken to redisperse

Question 10

levigating agent

Answer 10

make particles smaler
such as glycerin or mineral oil aid in the grinding. mineral oil commonly used for levigating for lipophilic compounds. glycerin for aqueous

Question 11

foaming agents

Answer 11

lower surface tension of water
- ex detergents
non-sterile: anti-foaming agents simethicone

Question 12

glycol & gel used as surfactants and delivery vehicles

Answer 12

polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poloxamer, or P in PLO are the delivery vehicles and surfactants

P- pluronic
L- lecithin
O- organogel

hydrophilic and hydrophobic-
poloxamer gel- topical drug delivery useful

Question 13

hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)

Answer 13

HLB #
0-20 scale
<10: more lipid-soluble water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions
>10: more water-soluble oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions

Question 14

process to prevent drug degradation

Answer 14

excipients- buffer to retain pH, preservatives
Ligh protect
packages- seal tightly to keep moister out
proper storage

Question 15

Binders

Answer 15

table content to stick together, provide stability and strength
ex: acacia, starch paste, sucrose syrup…

Question 16

diluents and fillers

Answer 16

diluents (make something more dilute) and filler add size to small dosages

tab/capsules: lactose, starches, Ca sal, cellulose
liquid: water, glycerin, OH
topical: petrolatum

Question 17

disintegrants

Answer 17

break up tab faster after oral admin
alginic acid, cellulose, polacrilin potassium, starches

Question 18

lubricants

Answer 18

improve powder flowability
mag stearate, PEG, glycerin

Question 19

preservatives

Answer 19

do not use in nonates
prevent or slow grow of microbes
chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, methyl/ethyl/ propyl parabens

Question 20

poloxamer gel “thermo reversible”
poloxamer (pluronic) lecithin organonel (PLO) gel

Answer 20

liquid at cold temp and gel at room.
both water and oil loving

Question 21

alcohol avoid in

Answer 21

children

Question 22

aspartame (phenylalanine) avoid in

Answer 22

avoid in PKU

Question 23

preservatives avoid in

Answer 23

neonates

Question 24

xylitol avoid in

Answer 24

dogs, cause hypoglycemia and liver damage

Question 25

stainless- spatula should not be used when compounding what?

Answer 25

steel spatula or plastic spatula are generally used, but steel spatula should not be used when compounding metal ions