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BIO 275 > Chapter 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

coccus

A

1.spherical shape

  1. diplococcus (pairs) OO
  2. streptococcus (chains) OOOOO

4.staphylococcus (cluster)

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2
Q

Bacillus

A
  1. rod shape
  2. diplobacillus (pairs)
  3. Streptobacillus (chains)
  4. Straphylococci (cluster)
  5. coccobacillus (oval)
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3
Q

vibrio

A

curved shape microorganism (comma shaped)

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4
Q

Spirilla

A

rigid helices

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5
Q

spirochete

A

flexible helices

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6
Q

budding and appendaged bacgteria

A

form mycelium

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7
Q

filamentous bacteria

A

form heterocyst

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8
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A
  1. important for nutrient uptake
  2. as the ratio increase, nutrient uptake becomes more efficient (has a rapid growth rate)
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9
Q

bacterial plasma membrane

A
  1. protects cell
  2. can have internal membrane system
  3. selectively permeable barrier
  4. interact with environment (receptors detect/respond to chemical)
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10
Q

hopanoids in Bacteria

A

Cholesterol in Eukarya

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11
Q

passive transport

A
  1. moves from high to low concentration and requires no energy (H2O, O2, CO2)
  2. need large concentration gradient for molecular movement
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12
Q

facillitated diffusion

A
  1. moves from high to low using no energy
  2. use membrane bound carriers/protein channels
  3. size of concentration gradient impact rate of uptake
  4. transport sugar and amino acid
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13
Q

active transport

A
  1. requires energy (ATP)
  2. moves from low to high (against concentration gradient)
  3. involves carrier protein
  4. carrier saturation is observed at high solute concentration
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14
Q

ABC transporters

A
  1. ATP-binding cassette transporters use ATP
    PMF (proton motor force)
  2. has 2 integral protein, 2 ATP binding site, and one dolutre binding protein (able to move around)
  3. primary active transport
  4. use concentration of proton to drive reaction from low to high
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15
Q

Secondary active transport

A
  1. MFS (major facilitator superfamily)
  2. use ion gradient (proton) to cotransport substance (energy is burned to bring things in and out)
  3. symport (same direction) and antiport (opposite direction)
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16
Q

cell wall

A
  1. help maintain shape
  2. protect cell
  3. gram negative (thin peptidoglycan) and gram positive (thick peptidogylcan and outer membrane)
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17
Q

peptidoglycan

A
  1. made of glucose and protein
  2. mesh like structure that is crosslink
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18
Q

subunit of peptidoglycan

A

NAM and NAG which gives it strength due to crosslink of peptides

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19
Q

gram positive cell wall

A
  1. primarily with peptidoglycan with teichoic acid
  2. teichoic acid protects, maintains cell envelope and aids in host cell binding
  3. have a protein layer on peptidoglycan layer
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20
Q

periplasmic of gram positive

A
  1. area between the plasma membrane and cell wall (smaller than gran negative)
  2. has few protein (move through porous peptidoglycan
  3. make exoenzyme (amylase) and bring it out of the cell to break down starch in order to bring it into the cell
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21
Q

gram negative cell wall

A
  1. more complex than gram positive
  2. thin layer of peptidoglycan - does not contain teichoic acid but lipoteichoic acid

3.has outer membrane, lipoprotein, and lipopolysaccharid (LPS-contributing factor to those going into septic shock-fatal to humans)

3.

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22
Q

periplasmic space of gram negative

A
  1. made up 20-40% of cell volume

2.has hydrolytic enzyme and transport protein

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23
Q

LPS

A
  1. produce endotoxin
  2. made up of a lipid and two sugar (lipid A-endotoxin, polysaccharide core, and O side chain-protect host)
  3. connect cell membrane to peptidoglycan layer making it more permeable
  4. stabilizer for outer membrane
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24
Q

outer membrane of gram negative

A
  1. lies outside of peptidoglycan layer
  2. connects to peptidoglycan via Braun’s lipoprotein and other adhesion molecules
  3. more permeable than plasma membrane because it has porins and transporter protein
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25
Q

lysis

A

bursting of cells in hypotonic environment

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26
Q

plasmolysis

A

cells shrivel in hypertonic environment

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27
Q

layer outside cell wall

A
  1. capsule-protect from phagocytosis and desiccation (drying out)
  2. slime layer which is made of up polysaccharide structures that aid in motility
  3. s layer - glycoprotein which protects from pH level
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28
Q

Archaeal cell envelope

A
  1. only has s layer
  2. most have cell wall but does not contain peptidoglycan
  3. capsule and slime layers are rare
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29
Q

archaeal membrane

A
  1. made of lipid isoprene units (five carbon, branched
  2. has monolayer instead of bilayer
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30
Q

archaeal cell wall

A
  1. form s layers
  2. separated by psuedomurein
  3. psuedomurein may be outer most layer like in gram positive
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31
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A
  1. 3 found in eukarya and bacteria and 2 found in archaea
  2. cell division, protein localization, and cell shape
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32
Q

FtsZ

A

tubulin homolog found in Bacteria which forms a ring during septum formation in cell division

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33
Q

MreB and Mbl

A

actin homolog maintain shape

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34
Q

CreS

A

intermediate filament homolog which maintains shape in curved rod

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35
Q

site of protein synthesis in the cell

A

ribosome

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36
Q

peptidoglycan-like molecule found in the wall of archaea

A

pseudomurein

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37
Q

name of the membrane that allows molecules to pass but not others

A

selectively permeable

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38
Q

unique feature to some archaeal plasma membrane

A

have lipid monolayer

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39
Q

all of the following statements about the periplasmic space are true except

A

it is found only in gram positive bacteria

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40
Q

region in the cytoplasm of bacteria which is bounded by membrane that contains the chromosome

A

nucleoid

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41
Q

bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are known as what based on their sedimentation coefficient

A

70S

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42
Q

flexible bacteria with helical shape

A

spirochetes

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43
Q

spirochete

A

flexible bacteria with helical shape

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44
Q

protein that embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane and not easily extracted are what kind of protein

A

integral

45
Q

rigid bacterial with helical cell shape is called what

A

spirilla

46
Q

sterol-like molecules that are thought to be important for structural integrity of many bacteria because of their suspected role in membranous stabilization

A

hopanoids (similar to cholesterol in eukarya)

47
Q

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is known as what?

A

endotoxin

48
Q

the movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the use of carrier molecule embedded in the membrane is called what?

A

facilitated diffusion

49
Q

the movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy is called what?

A

active transport

50
Q

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the participation of specific carrier molecule is called what?

A

passive diffusion

51
Q

the term used to describe bacteria that are rod-shape is what?

A

bacillus

52
Q

the term used to describe bacteria that are curved rod is called what

A

vibrio

53
Q

virbrio

A

rods that give bacteria their curve shape

54
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped bacteria

55
Q

the term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape is called what

A

coccus

56
Q

coccus

A

sphere-shaped bacteria

57
Q

which of the following is not true of bacteria plasmid

A

they are required for host growth and reproduction

they can survive outside the cell and reproduce independently without chromosomes.

58
Q

you are working with a newly described microorganism that has flagella that are solid, 10nm in diam., and composed of more than one type of flagellin subunit. Based on this type of flagella, which organism is this,

A

Archaea

59
Q

lysis

A

cell swell and burst to hypotonic solution

60
Q

plasmolysis

A

cell shrivel in hypertonic solution

61
Q

cytoskeleton

A

helps with movement, cell division, shape, protein localization
ftsZ (tubulin)-form ring during septum formation
MreB and Mbl (actin) maintain shape
CreS (intermediate filament)-maintain curved shape in curved rods

62
Q

gas vacuoles

A

provide buoyancy (found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea)

63
Q

magnetosome

A

has magnetic particles for orientation in Earth’s magnetic field (aquatic bacteria)

64
Q

nucleoid

A

circular, double stranded chromosome and protein found in a region in Bacteria and Archaea

membrane bound

65
Q

nuclear proteins and supercoiling

A

aid in protein folding

66
Q

plasmid

A

small extrachromosomal DNA found in Bacteria, Archaea, and some fungi

can replicate independently of chromosome

contain nonessential genes that gives cell advantages such as drug resistance

67
Q

episome

A

integration of the plasmid into the nucleoid and replicated along with chromosome

68
Q

Fimbriae

A

short, thin hairlike protein that allows cell to attach to surfaces

aid in motility and nutrient uptake

69
Q

sex pili

A

longer, thicker and allows conjugation (horizontal transfer of DNA of some bacteria to the next)

70
Q

flagella (Bacteria)

A

made of three parts: basal body, hook, and filament

a hollow rigid cylinder that extends from the cell surface to the tip

hook connect filament to the basal body

made of one type of flagellin protein

flagellin protein moves through hollow filament and attaches to tip (uses type 3 secretory system)

71
Q

basal body

A

series of rings that drive flagellar motor

C ring, MS ring, P ring, and L ring

C ring and MS (rotor moves) ring surrounded by Mot protein (strator- stationary) that allows proton movement

72
Q

flagellar movement

A

CCW rotation cause forward motion known as run

CW rotation disrupt run causing a stop and tumble

73
Q

chemotaxis

A

(direct movement) movement towards chemical attractants or away from harmful substances

phototaxis, thermotaxis, aerotaxis, osmotaxis, geotaxis

74
Q

flagella (Archaea)

A

thinner and not hollow

contains more than one type of flagellin protein

hard to distinguish basal body from hook

protein attach to base

75
Q

sporulation

A

process of endospore formation due to the lack of nutrients in order to preserve DNA

76
Q

endospore

A

dormant structure formed by bacteria

stabilized by numberous layer enclosed DNA and resistant to numerous environmental condition

activation prepare spores for germination

detect nutrients

cause swelling of cell which then ruptures the spore coat releasing the vegetative lcell

77
Q

eukaryotic cell envelope

A

made of lipid bilayer (has phosphoglyceride, sphingolipid, and cholesterol)

78
Q

type of eukaryotic cell wall

A

algea/plants have cellulose (contain sugar)
Fungi - chitin (kai-ten)

79
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains fluid, cytosol, and organelle

cytosol contains cytoskeleton

80
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein filament network in a matrix

microfilament, intermediate filament, microtubules, motor protein

81
Q

microfilament

A

small protein filament (6nm diam)

scattered through cytoplasm and can be in network or parallel

made of actin

function is cell motion, endocytosis, morphological changes

82
Q

intermediate filament

A

made up of different protein (10nm diam)

made of keratin, vimentin, and other protein

role unclear, help position organelle and link cells together to form tissue

83
Q

microtubules

A

think cylinder (25nm diam)

made of alpha and beta tubulin

function is forming spindle apparatus in cell division
make up cilia and flagella
aid in intracellular transport

84
Q

secretory pathway

A

made of complex membrane that transport material within cell and out of cell

consist of ER, Golgi, and lysosome

leaves ER after synthesizing in secretory vesicle
heads to golgi and binds to cis face
get modify and release from trans face to targeted destination

85
Q

ER

A

Rough (synthesize protein) and smooth (synthesize lipid/sugar)

made of irregular tubules and flatten sacs called cisterna

86
Q

golgi apparatus

A

membraneous organelle mad of cisternae stacked ontop of each other dictyosomes

cis (forming) face

trans (maturing) face

function is modifying, packaging and secreting materials to final destination

87
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound vesicles involve in intracellular digestion

produce enzyme calle hydrosomes that hydrolyze molecules in acidic condition

has proton pump that pumps proton to interior to lower pH

88
Q

ubiquitin/proteasome pathway

A

destruction of unfolded/misfolded protein

quality assurance mechanism

when many ubiquitin attached to protein becomes polyubiquitin chain which is a marker for degradation

26S proteasome- specialized complex that digest misfolded protein

degraded peptide reused for other protein after degradation ubiquitin release to reuse gain

89
Q

endocytosis

A

bring material into the cell using vesicles that are pinched from plasma membrane

90
Q

phygocytosis

A

a form of endocytosis

protrusion that engulfs particles and fuses with lysosome (phagosome)

91
Q

clathrin-dependent endocytosis

A

clathrin-coated pit with receptors that binds to molecules creating a clathrin-coated vesicles that fuse with endosome so it can be further broken down

92
Q

caveolin dependent endocytosis

A

caveolin/cholesterol-enriched caveolae bind molecules creating coated vesicles that can fuse with endosome

93
Q

macroautophagy

A

membrane surround component to form autophagosome that fuses with lysosome

membrane pinch off inwards and coats nonfunctional organelle

94
Q

monotrichous

A

has one flagellum

if at one end known as polar

95
Q

amphitrichous

A

has flagellum at each end

96
Q

lophotrichous

A

cluster of flagella at one end or both end

97
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella spread over entire surface

98
Q

Nucleus

A

house genetic material

DNA wraps around histones creating chromatin

chromatin condenses known as chromosome

protein make up nuclear pore complex that allows transport of material

99
Q

eukaryotic ribosome

A

80S (40S +60S)

synthesize protein

attached to ER or free

100
Q

Mitochondria

A

make ATP using oxidative phosphorylation or e-transport chain

matrix is enclosed by inner membrane that contain ribosome and DNA

folds are called cristae

matrix has enzyme for TCA cycle

100
Q

chloroplast

A

Double membrane organelle in plants and algae

photosynthesis takes place

stroma surround by inner membrane that contain DNA, ribosome, and thylakoid )

101
Q

thylakoid

A

flatten membranous sac in chloroplast

102
Q

grana

A

stack of thylakoid

103
Q

chloroplast

A

light reaction occurs (trap light to generate ATP

104
Q

Stroma

A

site of dark reaction (form carb from water and CO2

105
Q

cilia

A

provide motility

has two phases (power stroke and return stroke)

106
Q

flagella

A

provide motility by moving in undulating fashion (wave-like)

107
Q

axoneme

A

organization of cilia and flagella

membrane bound cylinder (9+2) microtubule arrangement

108
Q

basal body of eukaryotic cilia and flagella

A

direct synthesize flagella and cilia at base

BIO 275 (9 decks)

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